ArticlePLoS pathogens2018
Two essential Thioredoxins mediate apicoplast biogenesis, protein import, and gene expression in Toxoplasma gondii.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- A dedicated partitioning machinery ensures faithful inheritance of the apicoplast in Toxoplasma gondii.Nature communications · 2026Article
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- An apicoplast-localized GTPase is essential formSphere · 2026Article
- TgAP2X-7 is a novel cell cycle-regulated transcription factor that plays an essential role inmSphere · 2025Article
- Mitochondria protect against an intracellular pathogen by restricting access to folate.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- The Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporter HAP12 Is Critical inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Reference Gene Selection for RT-qPCR Normalization inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Organellar genome dynamics of exogenous stages of Eimeria tenella.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Article
- Trx4, a novel thioredoxin protein, is important for Toxoplasma gondii fitness.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- RNA-Seq of Phenotypically DistinctPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Reconstruction of Plastid Proteomes of Apicomplexans and Close Relatives Reveals the Major Evolutionary Outcomes of Cryptic Plastids.Molecular biology and evolution · 2023Article
- CRISPR-based oligo recombineering prioritizes apicomplexan cysteines for drug discovery.Nature microbiology · 2022Article
- Activity-based Crosslinking to Identify Substrates of Thioredoxin-domain Proteinsin Malaria Parasites.Bio-protocol · 2022Article
- Identification and Function of Apicoplast Glutaredoxins inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Depletion of a Toxoplasma porin leads to defects in mitochondrial morphology and contacts with the endoplasmic reticulum.Journal of cell science · 2021Article
- Replication and partitioning of the apicoplast genome of Toxoplasma gondii is linked to the cell cycle and requires DNA polymerase and gyrase.International journal for parasitology · 2021Article
- Plasmodium falciparum LipB mutants display altered redox and carbon metabolism in asexual stages and cannot complete sporogony in Anopheles mosquitoes.International journal for parasitology · 2021Article
- Roles of Ferredoxin-Dependent Proteins in the Apicoplast of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites.mBio · 2021Article
- A redox-active crosslinker reveals an essential and inhibitable oxidative folding network in the endoplasmic reticulum of malaria parasites.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites are global killers, being the causative agents of diseases like toxoplasmosis and malaria. These parasites are known to be hypersensitive to redox imbalance, yet little is understood about the cellular roles of their various redox regulators. The apicoplast, an essential plastid organelle, is a verified apicomplexan drug target. Nuclear-encoded apicoplast proteins traffic through the ER and multiple apicoplast sub-compartments to their place of function. We propose that thioredoxins contribute to the control of protein trafficking and of protein function within these apicoplast compartments. We studied the role of two Toxoplasma gondii apicoplast thioredoxins (TgATrx), both essential for parasite survival. By describing the cellular phenotypes of the conditional depletion of either of these redox regulated enzymes we show that each of them contributes to a different apicoplast biogenesis pathway. We provide evidence for TgATrx1's involvement in ER to apicoplast trafficking and TgATrx2 in the control of apicoplast gene expression components. Substrate pull-down further recognizes gene expression factors that interact with TgATrx2. We use genetic complementation to demonstrate that the function of both TgATrxs is dependent on their disulphide exchange activity. Finally, TgATrx2 is divergent from human thioredoxins. We demonstrate its activity in vitro thus providing scope for drug screening. Our study represents the first functional characterization of thioredoxins in Toxoplasma, highlights the importance of redox regulation of apicoplast functions and provides new tools to study redox biology in these parasites.
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Registered trials
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