ArticleNature protocols2018
Generation of human brain region-specific organoids using a miniaturized spinning bioreactor.
Article in Nature protocols, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 312 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
312 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 509 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mapping the Cerebral Organoid Landscape: A Systematic Review of Preclinical 3D Models in Neuroscience.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Pooled it
- A beginner's guide on the use of brain organoids for neuroscientists: a systematic review.Stem cell research & therapy · 2023Pooled it
- Media portrayal of ethical and social issues in brain organoid research.Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM · 2022Pooled it
- Engineering functional ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons in human organoids through WNT modulation and bioreactor culture.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Modulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via CEBPB: A Potential Molecular Link to Therapeutic Action in Substance Use Disorders.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Organoids: Key advances, optimization, and technological iterations in their application to neurodegenerative diseases.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Tutorial: interrogating biology using organoid technologies.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- Morphogen-guided neocortical organoids with anteroposterior areal identity.Cell stem cell · 2026Article
- Using human 3D organoid models to gain mechanistic insight in motor neuron diseases.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
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- Metabolic Assessment in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cerebral Organoids Using HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy.NMR in biomedicine · 2026Article
- Modeling gliomas with organoids: Classification, fidelity, and guidelines for translational neuro-oncology.Neuro-oncology · 2026Review
- A Role for Astrocyte Metabolism in Species-Specific Neuronal Development.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The application progress of organoid technology in the toxicity assessment of environmental pollutants.Cell biology and toxicology · 2026Review
- A refined protocol for the large-scale production of high-quality cerebral organoids.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Single-cell multi-omic atlas and morphogen screening informs midbrain and hindbrain organoid engineering.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Brain organoids and genome editing: A new era in understanding human brain development and disorders.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Biomarker for craving and acamprosate treatment response in patients with alcohol use disorder: insights from multi-omics.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Organoids - the future of pre-clinical development of AAV gene therapy for CNS disorders.Gene therapy · 2026Review
252 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Human brain organoids, 3D self-assembled neural tissues derived from pluripotent stem cells, are important tools for studying human brain development and related disorders. Suspension cultures maintained by spinning bioreactors allow for the growth of large organoids despite the lack of vasculature, but commercially available spinning bioreactors are bulky in size and have low throughput. Here, we describe the procedures for building the miniaturized multiwell spinning bioreactor SpinΩ from 3D-printed parts and commercially available hardware. We also describe how to use SpinΩ to generate forebrain, midbrain and hypothalamus organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). These organoids recapitulate key dynamic features of the developing human brain at the molecular, cellular and structural levels. The reduction in culture volume, increase in throughput and reproducibility achieved using our bioreactor and region-specific differentiation protocols enable quantitative modeling of brain disorders and compound testing. This protocol takes 14-84 d to complete (depending on the type of brain region-specific organoids and desired developmental stages), and organoids can be further maintained over 200 d. Competence with hiPSC culture is required for optimal results.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.