ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2018
Evaluating Sex and Age Differences in ADI-R and ADOS Scores in a Large European Multi-site Sample of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- rs-fMRI and machine learning for ASD diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Sex/gender differences in the human autistic brains: A systematic review of 20 years of neuroimaging research.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2021Pooled it
- Empathy Impairment in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Conditions From a Multidimensional Perspective: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Pooled it
- Self-reported sex differences in high-functioning adults with autism: a meta-analysis.Molecular autism · 2018Pooled it
- Maternal Psychological Distress and Parent-Reported Child Behavioural and Emotional Outcomes Among Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Expanding Understanding of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Girls and Women: A New Paradigm.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Clinical and Sociodemographic Characteristics Associated with Access to Early Intervention Programs for Infants with Prodromes of Autism.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- A multi-method phenotypic study of sex differences in pragmatic language in autism.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Social Communication, Repetitive Behaviors and Interests, and Adaptive Behavior in Girls With Autism Spectrum Disorder Without Intellectual Disability.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Diagnostic challenges of autism spectrum disorder in women without intellectual or language impairments: a narrative review.Journal of medicine and life · 2025Review
- Integrating causal discovery and clinically-relevant insights to explore directional relationships between autistic features, sex at birth, and cognitive abilities.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Early selective attention to the articulating mouth as a potential female-specific marker of better language development in autism: a review.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Early postnatal exposure to bicuculline modulates E/I balance and induces ASD-like behavioral phenotypes in mice.Animal cells and systems · 2025Article
- The effect of autism phenotype and diagnosis disclosure on students' desire for social distance from autistic peers.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2024Article
- Spontaneous instrumental approach-avoidance learning in social contexts in autism.Molecular autism · 2024Article
- The High Rates of Comorbidity among Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Reconsidering the Clinical Utility of Distinct Diagnostic Categories.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Male and Female Toddlers with DSM-5 Autism Spectrum Disorder have Similar Developmental Profiles and Core Autism Symptoms.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2024Article
- Developmental Language Differences in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Possible Sex Difference.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2024Article
- Characterizing individual differences in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a descriptive study.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Selective deletion ofFrontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
28 authors at 19 institutions in 9 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Research on sex-related differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been impeded by small samples. We pooled 28 datasets from 18 sites across nine European countries to examine sex differences in the ASD phenotype on the ADI-R (376 females, 1763 males) and ADOS (233 females, 1187 males). On the ADI-R, early childhood restricted and repetitive behaviours were lower in females than males, alongside comparable levels of social interaction and communication difficulties in females and males. Current ADI-R and ADOS scores showed no sex differences for ASD severity. There were lower socio-communicative symptoms in older compared to younger individuals. This large European ASD sample adds to the literature on sex and age variations of ASD symptomatology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.