ArticleJournal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia2017
Milk Proteins Are Predigested Within the Human Mammary Gland.
Article in Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevention of Allergic Sensitization and Treatment of Cow's Milk Protein Allergy in Early Life: The Middle-East Step-Down Consensus.Nutrients · 2019Guideline
- Peptidomic Profiling Analysis of Endogenous Peptides in Buffalo Milk During Lactation Stages.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Relevance of Milk Composition to Human Longitudinal Growth from Infancy Through Puberty: Facts and Controversies.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Bioactive milk peptides: an updated comprehensive overview and database.Critical reviews in food science and nutrition · 2024Review
- Article
- Network analysis of the proteome and peptidome sheds light on human milk as a biological system.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Fingerprinting of Proteases, Protease Inhibitors and Indigenous Peptides in Human Milk.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Ecologies, synergies, and biological systems shaping human milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 2.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Digested Human Colostrum Reduces Interleukin-8 Production in Induced Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Article
- Premature delivery impacts the concentration of plasminogen activators and a plasminogen activator inhibitor and the plasmin activity in human milk.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- Analysis of the Endogenous Peptidomes of Different Infant Formula Types and Human Milk.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Perspective: Nutritional Status as a Biological Variable (NABV): Integrating Nutrition Science into Basic and Clinical Research and Care.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Article
- [Effect of sample preparation on analysis of human milk endogenous peptides using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography · 2021Article
- Peptides from the Intestinal Tract of Breast Milk-Fed Infants Have Antimicrobial and Bifidogenic Activity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Differences and Similarities in the Peptide Profile of Preterm and Term Mother's Milk, and Preterm and Term Infant Gastric Samples.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Impact of Storage Conditions on the Breast Milk Peptidome.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Milk Peptides Survive In Vivo Gastrointestinal Digestion and Are Excreted in the Stool of Infants.The Journal of nutrition · 2020Article
- The Functional Power of the Human Milk Proteome.Nutrients · 2019Review
- Toward an efficient workflow for the analysis of the human milk peptidome.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Previous work demonstrates that proteases present in human milk release hundreds of peptides derived from milk proteins. However, the question of whether human milk protein digestion begins within the mammary gland remains incompletely answered. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether proteolytic degradation of human milk proteins into peptides begins within the mammary gland. The secondary objectives were to determine which milk proteases participate in the proteolysis and to predict which released peptides have bioactivity. Lactating mothers (n = 4) expressed their milk directly into a mixture of antiproteases on ice followed by immediate freezing of the milk to limit post-expression protease activity. Samples were analyzed for their peptide profiles via mass spectrometry and database searching. Peptidomics-based protease prediction and bioactivity prediction were each performed with several different approaches. The findings demonstrate that human milk contains more than 1,100 unique peptides derived from milk protein hydrolysis within the mammary gland. These peptides derived from 42 milk proteins and included 306 potential bioactive peptides. Based on the peptidomics data, plasmin was predicted to be the milk protease most active in the hydrolysis of human milk proteins within the mammary gland. Milk proteases actively cleave milk proteins within the mammary gland, initiating the release of functional peptides. Thus, the directly breastfed infant receives partially pre-digested proteins and numerous bioactive peptides.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.