ArticlePlastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open2018
Virtual Surgical Planning: The Pearls and Pitfalls.
Article in Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of Complicated and Simple Guiding Templates in Mandibular Reconstruction Using Vascularized Iliac Crest Flap.BioMed research international · 2019Trial
- Autostent: a semi-automated approach to designing customized 3D-printed oral radiation stents for patients with head and neck cancer.Radiation oncology (London, England) · 2025Observational
- The Accuracy of an Optical White Light Desktop 3D Scanner and Cone Beam CT Scanner Compared to a Multi-Slice CT Scanner to Digitize Anatomical 3D Models: A Pilot Study.Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction · 2025Article
- Objective Evaluation of Accuracy of Stereolithographic Models in Reconstruction of Mandibular Defects.Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery · 2025Article
- Efficiency and Applicability of Virtual Surgical Planning in Maxillofacial and Mandibular Bone Reconstruction: A Narrative Review.Clinics and practice · 2025Review
- Evaluating Osteotomy Accuracy in Mandibular Reconstruction: A Preliminary Study Using Custom Cutting Guides and Virtual Reality.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Training of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residents in Virtual Surgical Planning: A Feasibility Study Comparing Open-Source Freeware and Commercially Available Software for Mandibular Reconstruction with Fibula Free Flap.Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction · 2025Article
- Review
- Surgical Planning of Ballistic Facial Injuries.Seminars in plastic surgery · 2025Review
- A Comprehensive Analysis of Genioplasty in Facial Feminization Surgery: A Systematic Review and Institutional Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Application of Computerized Surgical Planning in Craniosynostosis Surgery.Seminars in plastic surgery · 2024Review
- Reconstruction of Maxillary Defects Using Virtual Surgical Planning and Additive Manufacturing Technology: A Tertiary Care Centre Experience.Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery · 2024Article
- Feminization Surgery of the Upper Face as the Crucial Factor in Gender Confirmation-Pearls and Pitfalls.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- The Role of Virtual Surgical Planning in Surgery for Complex Craniosynostosis.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2024Article
- Orthognathic surgery with iliac bone grafting for an interpositional gap in a patient with type III hemifacial microsomia: A case report.JPRAS open · 2023Article
- Synergy between artificial intelligence and precision medicine for computer-assisted oral and maxillofacial surgical planning.Clinical oral investigations · 2023Review
- Advantages of a Training Course for Surgical Planning in Virtual Reality for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: Crossover Study.JMIR serious games · 2023Article
- Unexpected Change of Surgical Plans and Contingency Strategies in Computer-Assisted Free Flap Jaw Reconstruction: Lessons Learned From 98 Consecutive Cases.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- A Comprehensive Analysis of Complications of Free Flaps for Oromandibular Reconstruction.The Laryngoscope · 2021Article
- Point of care virtual surgical planning and 3D printing in facial gender confirmation surgery: a narrative review.Annals of translational medicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveOver the past few years, virtual surgical planning (VSP) has evolved into a useful tool for the craniofacial surgeon. Virtual planning and computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) may assist in orthognathic, cranio-orbital, traumatic, and microsurgery of the craniofacial skeleton. Despite its increasing popularity, little emphasis has been placed on the learning curve.
methodsA retrospective analysis of consecutive virtual surgeries was done from July 2012 to October 2016 at the University of Montreal Teaching Hospitals. Orthognathic surgeries and free vascularized bone flap surgeries were included in the analysis.
resultsFifty-four virtual surgeries were done in the time period analyzed. Forty-six orthognathic surgeries and 8 free bone transfers were done. An analysis of errors was done. Eighty-five percentage of the orthognathic virtual plans were adhered to completely, 4% of the plans were abandoned, and 11% were partially adhered to. Seventy-five percentage of the virtual surgeries for free tissue transfers were adhered to, whereas 25% were partially adhered to. The reasons for abandoning the plans were (1) poor communication between surgeon and engineer, (2) poor appreciation for condyle placement on preoperative scans, (3) soft-tissue impedance to bony movement, (4) rapid tumor progression, (5) poor preoperative assessment of anatomy.
conclusionVirtual surgical planning is a useful tool for craniofacial surgery but has inherent issues that the surgeon must be aware of. With time and experience, these surgical plans can be used as powerful adjuvants to good clinical judgement.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.