ArticleCytokine2018
Melanoma exosomes promote mixed M1 and M2 macrophage polarization.
Article in Cytokine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 148 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
148 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- MAPK Inhibitor-Tolerant Persister Cells in Melanoma: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities.Cancer science · 2026Review
- Resiquimod-loaded magnetic nanoparticles reprogram macrophages and induce oxidative cytotoxicity against triple-negative breast cancer cells.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Role of itaconate in intestinal disease (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Adipocyte extracellular vesicles (AdEVs) promote a proinflammatory and profibrotic profile in human renal and endothelial cells in vitro.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2026Article
- Mogroside V Alleviates Concanavalin A-induced Acute Liver Injury by Inhibiting Inflammatory Responses and M1 Macrophage Polarization.Inflammation · 2026Article
- Pan-cancer gene signature analysis of macrophage polarization and compound prediction for reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages toward M1-like macrophages.Cancer pathogenesis and therapy · 2026Article
- A detoxified exosome-ECM hydrogel depot for localized and sustained chemotherapy in prostate cancer.Journal of biological engineering · 2026Article
- Post-stroke depression in patients with chronic stroke.World journal of psychiatry · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicle-derived miRNA-182-5p educates macrophages towards an immunosuppressive phenotype in pancreatic cancer.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Crosstalk of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles with Immune Recipient Cells and Cancer Metastasis.Cancers · 2026Article
- A Macrophage/Monocyte-Related Four-Gene Signature for Prognostic Assessment of Uveal Melanoma:Human mutation · 2026Article
- eIF4E Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Induce Immunosuppressive Macrophages through HMGCR-Mediated Metabolic Rewiring.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- ERRα Knockout Promotes M2 Microglial Polarization and Inhibits Ferroptosis in Sepsis-Associated Brain Dysfunction.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Immune modulation by melanoma-derived exosomes: suppression of BALB/c mice splenic cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages as Key Modulators of Disease Progression in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Baicalin RelievesBiomolecules · 2025Article
- Exosomes as key mediators in immune and cancer cell interactions: insights in melanoma progression and therapy.Archives of dermatological research · 2025Review
- MiR-374a/b-5p Suppresses Cell Growth in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Through Blocking Exosomal ANXA1-Induced Macrophage M2 Polarization.Biochemical genetics · 2025Article
- RAW264.7 Macrophages as a Polarization Model in the Context of Pancreatic Cancer and Chemokine Release.Biology · 2025Article
88 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Macrophages are key participants in melanoma growth and survival. In general, macrophages can be classified as M1 or M2 activation phenotypes. Increasing evidence demonstrates that melanoma exosomes also facilitate tumor survival and metastasis. However, the role of melanoma exosomes in directly influencing macrophage function is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the hypothesis that natural melanoma exosomes might directly influence macrophage polarization. To explore this hypothesis, ELISA, RT-qPCR, and macrophage functional studies were performed in vitro using an established source of melanoma exosomes (B16-F10). ELISA results for melanoma exosome induction of common M1 and M2 cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages, revealed that melanoma exosomes do not polarize macrophages exclusively in the M1 or M2 direction. Melanoma exosomes induced the M1 and M2 representative cytokines TNF-α and IL-10 respectively. Further assessment, using an RT-qPCR array with RAW 264.7 and primary macrophages, confirmed and extended the ELISA findings. Upregulation of markers common to both M1 and M2 polarization phenotypes included CCL22, IL-12B, IL-1β, IL-6, i-NOS, and TNF-α. The M2 cytokine TGF-β was upregulated in primary but not RAW 264.7 macrophages. Pro-tumor functions have been attributed to each of these markers. Macrophage functional assays demonstrated a trend toward increased i-NOS (M1) to arginase (M2) activity. Collectively, the results provide the first evidence that melanoma exosomes can induce a mixed M1 and M2 pro-tumor macrophage activation phenotype.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.