ArticleActa neuropathologica communications2018
Cooperative p16 and p21 action protects female astrocytes from transformation.
Article in Acta neuropathologica communications, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
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- NF-κB and STAT3 signaling uniquely stratify survival in female glioblastoma patients.iScience · 2026Article
- Gender and sex interactions are intrinsic components of cancer phenotypes.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Review
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- Prognostic and predictive determinants in high-grade gliomas: integrating tumor-intrinsic biology with patient and system-level factors.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- Impact of Sex Hormones on Glioblastoma: Sex-Related Differences and Neuroradiological Insights.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Deciphering the topological landscape of glioma using a network theory framework.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Sex Differences in Astrocyte Activity.Cells · 2024Review
- Unveiling the Inflammatory Landscape of Recurrent Glioblastoma through Histological-Based Assessments.Cancers · 2024Review
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- Iron overload induces cerebral endothelial senescence in aged mice and in primary culture in a sex-dependent manner.Aging cell · 2023Article
- Sex specific regulation of TSPY-Like 2 in the DNA damage response of cancer cells.Cell death & disease · 2023Article
- Sex difference and immunosenescence affect transplantation outcomes.Frontiers in transplantation · 2023Review
- Sex-specific molecular differences in glioblastoma: assessing the clinical significance of genetic variants.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
- Sex differences in brain tumor glutamine metabolism reveal sex-specific vulnerabilities to treatment.Med (New York, N.Y.) · 2022Article
- The sex-dependent role of the androgen receptor in glioblastoma: results of molecular analyses.Molecular oncology · 2022Article
- Potentiation of temozolomide activity against glioblastoma cells by aromatase inhibitor letrozole.Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying sex differences in cancer incidence are not defined but likely involve dimorphism (s) in tumor suppressor function at the cellular and organismal levels. As an example, sexual dimorphism in retinoblastoma protein (Rb) activity was shown to block transformation of female, but not male, murine astrocytes in which neurofibromin and p53 function was abrogated (GBM astrocytes). Correlated sex differences in gene expression in the murine GBM astrocytes were found to be highly concordant with sex differences in gene expression in male and female GBM patients, including in the expression of components of the Rb and p53 pathways. To define the basis of this phenomenon, we examined the functions of the cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, p16, p21 and p27 in murine GBM astrocytes under conditions that promote Rb-dependent growth arrest. We found that upon serum deprivation or etoposide-induced DNA damage, female, but not male GBM astrocytes, respond with increased p16 and p21 activity, and cell cycle arrest. In contrast, male GBM astrocytes continue to proliferate, accumulate chromosomal aberrations, exhibit enhanced clonogenic cell activity and in vivo tumorigenesis; all manifestations of broad sex differences in cell cycle regulation and DNA repair. Differences in tumorigenesis disappeared when female GBM astrocytes are also rendered null for p16 and p21. These data elucidate mechanisms underlying sex differences in cancer incidence and demonstrate sex-specific effects of cytotoxic and targeted therapeutics. This has critical implications for lab and clinical research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.