ArticleBrazilian journal of physical therapy
Changes in shoulder girdle strength in 3 consecutive years in elite adolescent swimmers: a longitudinal cohort study.
Article in Brazilian journal of physical therapy. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- A comparison of the mechanical properties of the deltoid and trapezius muscles and shoulder range of motion in competitive young swimmers across different swimming strokes.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Scapulohumeral kinematics and neuromuscular control during scaption are associated with passive stiffness and strength of periscapular muscles in competitive adolescent swimmers.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Effects of a dry-land strengthening exercise program with elastic bands following the Kabat D2 diagonal flexion pattern for the prevention of shoulder injuries in swimmers.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- A Novel Rehabilitation Program Using Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Taping for Shoulder Pain in Swimmers: A Protocol and Case Example.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe shoulder complex is highly loaded during swimming. No studies were found analyzing the changes in shoulder girdle strength in young swimmers, through the years.
objectiveTo analyze the changes in strength of internal rotators and external rotators of the arm, lower trapezius and supraspinatus and in the external rotators/internal rotators ratio in young elite swimmers through 3 years.
methods31 adolescent elite swimmers (14-18 years, of both sexes) participated in the study. Isometric strength of the shoulder girdle muscles was performed using a handheld dynamometer during 3 years.
resultsFor boys absolute data, internal rotators increased from the first to the second (p=0.0001; mean difference 45.6N; 95%CI 26.7-65.0) and third years (p=0.01; mean difference: 32.4; 95%CI: 9.3-55.5). Considering the weight-normalized data, internal rotators increased from the first to the second year (p<0.0001; mean difference: 0.52; 95%CI: 0.26-0.78), external rotators decreased from the first to the third year (p=0.003; mean difference: -0.33; 95%CI: -0.53 to -0.13) and from the second to the third year (p=0.0004; mean difference: -0.29; 95%CI: -0.46 to -0.12) and supraspinatus decreased from the second to the third year (p=0.006; mean difference: -0.17; 95%CI: -0.28 to -0.06). For girls, there were no significant differences in the absolute strength. Considering the weight-normalized data, lower trapezius decreased from the first to the third year (p=0.02; mean difference: -0.15; 95%CI: -0.27 to 0.03). Considering both sexes, the external rotators/internal rotators ratio decreased from the first to the second (p<0.0001; mean difference -0.12N; 95%CI -0.13 to -0.11) and third years (p<0.0001; mean difference -0.15N; 95%CI -0.16 to -0.14).
conclusionMuscle imbalance can occur in the shoulder girdle in young swimmers in 3 years, with increased internal rotators and decreased external rotators and supraspinatus strength in boys, and decreased strength of the lower trapezius in girls. Attention should be given in young swimmers' shoulder girdle muscle balance.
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