ArticleScientific reports2018
Step-wise evolution of complex chemical defenses in millipedes: a phylogenomic approach.
Article in Scientific reports, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- The evolution of eyespots in skates and rays.Nature ecology & evolution · 2026Article
- The Terpenoid Alkaloids of Colobognath Millipedes: Insights into Structural Diversity and Function.Journal of natural products · 2026Review
- The hidden life ofApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- The molecular mechanisms of defensive-grade organic acid biosynthesis in ground beetles.Insect molecular biology · 2025Article
- The Discovery of Complex Heterocycles from Millipede Secretions.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2025Article
- Soma-germ contact across the basement membrane in the ovary.Biology letters · 2025Article
- De novo metatranscriptomic exploration of gene function in the millipede holobiont.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- A previously unknown feeding mode in millipedes and the convergence of fluid feeding across arthropods.Science advances · 2022Article
- The first true millipede-1306 legs long.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Shifting evolutionary sands: transcriptome characterization of the Aptostichus atomarius species complex.BMC evolutionary biology · 2020Article
- Article
- Natural history of the social millipedeBiodiversity data journal · 2020Article
- Diversity and function of fungi associated with the fungivorous millipede,Fungal ecology · 2019Article
- Article
- Phenol-based millipede defence: antimicrobial activity of secretions from the Balkan endemic millipede Apfelbeckia insculpta (L. Koch, 1867) (Diplopoda: Callipodida).Die Naturwissenschaften · 2019Article
- Article
- Identification of saturated and unsaturated 1-methoxyalkanes from the Thai millipede Orthomorpha communis as potential "Raincoat Compounds".Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Cryptic diversity inZooKeys · 2018Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
With fossil representatives from the Silurian capable of respiring atmospheric oxygen, millipedes are among the oldest terrestrial animals, and likely the first to acquire diverse and complex chemical defenses against predators. Exploring the origin of complex adaptive traits is critical for understanding the evolution of Earth's biological complexity, and chemical defense evolution serves as an ideal study system. The classic explanation for the evolution of complexity is by gradual increase from simple to complex, passing through intermediate "stepping stone" states. Here we present the first phylogenetic-based study of the evolution of complex chemical defenses in millipedes by generating the largest genomic-based phylogenetic dataset ever assembled for the group. Our phylogenomic results demonstrate that chemical complexity shows a clear pattern of escalation through time. New pathways are added in a stepwise pattern, leading to greater chemical complexity, independently in a number of derived lineages. This complexity gradually increased through time, leading to the advent of three distantly related chemically complex evolutionary lineages, each uniquely characteristic of each of the respective millipede groups.
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