ArticleNeurobiology of pain (Cambridge, Mass.)2017
The grimace scale reliably assesses chronic pain in a rodent model of trigeminal neuropathic pain.
Article in Neurobiology of pain (Cambridge, Mass.), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Grimace scale, burrowing, and nest building for the assessment of post-surgical pain in mice and rats-A systematic review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Pooled it
- Studying Peripheral Neuropathy and Associated Neuropathic Pain in HIV-1 Transgenic Rats: Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effect of Cannabidiol and Beta-Caryophyllene.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- A Tac1-Expressing Brainstem Pathway Underlies the Pathogenesis of Trigeminal Neuralgia.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- A mouse model of classical trigeminal neuralgia via intradural compression of the trigeminal nerve.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- How facial expressions reveal acute pain in domestic animals with facial pain scales as a diagnostic tool.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- Assessment of the quality of life of cats affected by paraparesis/paraplegia and urinary retention, and their impact on caregivers.Journal of feline medicine and surgery · 2024Article
- The grimace scale: a useful tool for assessing pain in laboratory animals.Experimental animals · 2024Review
- Article
- Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) Expressed in Sensory Neurons Contributes to Signs of Pain and Neuropathy in Paclitaxel Treated Mice.The journal of pain · 2023Article
- An automated rat grimace scale for the assessment of pain.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Rat Grimace Scale as a Method to Evaluate Animal Welfare, Nociception, and Quality of the Euthanasia Method of Wistar Rats.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Parabrachial Nucleus Activity in Nociception and Pain in Awake Mice.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2023Article
- Optogenetic cortical spreading depolarization induces headache-related behaviour and neuroinflammatory responses some prolonged in familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 mice.The journal of headache and pain · 2023Article
- Foramen lacerum impingement of trigeminal nerve root as a rodent model for trigeminal neuralgia.JCI insight · 2023Article
- Parabrachial nucleus activity in nociception and pain in awake mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- C781, a β-Arrestin Biased Antagonist at Protease-Activated Receptor-2 (PAR2), Displays in vivo Efficacy Against Protease-Induced Pain in Mice.The journal of pain · 2023Article
- Assessing Orofacial Pain Behaviors in Animal Models: A Review.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Grimace scale assessment duringFrontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Review
- A model-specific simplification of the Mouse Grimace Scale based on the pain response of intraperitoneal CClScientific reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The limited success in translating basic science findings into effective pain management therapies reflects, in part, the difficulty in reliably assessing pain in experimental animals. This shortcoming is particularly acute in the field of chronic, ongoing pain. Quantitative analysis of facial expressions-the grimace score-was introduced as a promising tool, however, it is thought to reliably assess only pain of short or medium duration (minutes to hours). Here, we test the hypothesis that grimace scores are a reliable metric of ongoing neuropathic pain, by testing the prediction that chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION) will evoke significant increases in grimace scale scores. Mice and rats were subjected to CCI-ION, and tested for changes in mechanical hypersensitivity and in grimace scores, 10 or more days after surgery. Both rats and mice with CCIION had significantly higher grimace scores, and significantly lower thresholds for withdrawal from mechanical stimuli applied to the face, compared to sham-operated animals. Fentanyl reversed the changes in rat grimace scale scores, suggesting that these scores reflect pain perception. These findings validate the grimace scale as a reliable and sensitive metric for the assessment of ongoing pain in a rodent model of chronic, trigeminal neuropathic pain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.