ArticleEnvironmental science & technology2018
Mineralogical Evidence of Galvanic Corrosion in Drinking Water Lead Pipe Joints.
Article in Environmental science & technology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spirulina as a natural shield: a comprehensive review of its protective effects against lead toxicity.Archives of toxicology · 2025Review
- Free Chlorine Can Inhibit Lead Solder Corrosion via Electrochemical Reversal.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- The Behavior of Polymeric Pipes in Drinking Water Distribution System-Comparison with Other Pipe Materials.Polymers · 2023Review
- Electron microscopic imaging and NanoSIMS investigation on physiological responses ofFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Article
- Theoretical equilibrium lead(II) solubility revisited: Open source code and practical relationships.AWWA water science · 2021Article
- Lead pipe and lead-tin solder scale formation and structure: A conceptual model.AWWA water science · 2021Article
- CVD 103-HgR live, attenuated cholera vaccine strain viability in drinking waters from the US and Europe.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Highly-Efficient Sulfonated UiO-66(Zr) Optical Fiber for Rapid Detection of Trace Levels of PbInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Effects of residual disinfectants on the redox speciation of lead(ii)/(iv) minerals in drinking water distribution systems.Environmental science : water research & technology · 2021Article
- Critical Review: Propensity of Premise Plumbing Pipe Materials to Enhance or Diminish Growth ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Microelectrode Investigation on the Corrosion Initiation at Lead-Brass Galvanic Interfaces in Chlorinated Drinking Water.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2019Article
- Sequential drinking water sampling as a tool for evaluating lead in flint, Michigan.Water research · 2019Article
- Water quality-pipe deposit relationships in Midwestern lead pipes.AWWA water science · 2019Article
- Understanding the Impact of Extracellular Polymeric Substances on Lead Release in Drinking Water Systems.ACS omega · 2018Article
- Design and Testing of USEPA'S Flint Pipe Rig for Corrosion Control Evaluation.Journal - American Water Works Association · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Galvanic corrosion as a mechanism of toxic lead release into drinking water has been under scientific debate in the U.S. for over 30 years. Visual and mineralogical analysis of 28 lead pipe joints, excavated after 60+ years from eight U.S. water utilities, provided the first direct view of three distinct galvanic corrosion patterns in practice: (1) no evidence of galvanic corrosion; (2) galvanic corrosion with lead cathode; (3) galvanic corrosion with lead anode. Pattern 3 is consistent with empirical galvanic series (lead → brass → copper in order of increasing nobility) and poses the greatest risk of Pb exposure. Pattern 2 is consistent with galvanic battery reversion. The identification of copper-sulfate minerals (Pattern 2), and lead-sulfate and lead-chloride minerals (Pattern 3) in galvanic zones illustrated the migration of chloride and sulfate toward the anode. Geochemical modeling confirmed the required pH drop from the bulk water level to at least pH 3.0-4.0 (Pattern 2) and pH < 5.5 (Pattern 3) in order to form these minerals. Despite joints being over 60 years old, galvanic zones in Pattern 3 were active and possibly posed an important source of lead to drinking water. Importantly, Pattern 3 was not observed in samples from systems representing water qualities favoring PbO
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