ArticleCell death & disease2018
Lenalidomide regulates CNS autoimmunity by promoting M2 macrophages polarization.
Article in Cell death & disease, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 21 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Macrophage polarization in hematologic cancers: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.Blood research · 2026Review
- DCC-2036 induces repolarization of TAMs to M1 type and enhances CD8Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Microglial PD-1/PD-L1 axis in CNS demyelinating diseases: a dual immunoregulatory perspective.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Effects of Oxidative Stress Gene Protein, Expression, and DNA Methylation on Multiple Sclerosis: A Multi-Omics Mendelian Randomized Study.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Macrophage-targeted PEGylated liposomes ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The neurotropic schistosomeParasitology · 2024Article
- Manipulating Macrophage/Microglia Polarization to Treat Glioblastoma or Multiple Sclerosis.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Mdivi-1 Modulates Macrophage/Microglial Polarization in Mice with EAE via the Inhibition of the TLR2/4-GSK3β-NF-κB Inflammatory Signaling Axis.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Article
- Optineurin modulates the maturation of dendritic cells to regulate autoimmunity through JAK2-STAT3 signaling.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Affinity-Based Polymers Provide Long-Term Immunotherapeutic Drug Delivery Across Particle Size Ranges Optimal for Macrophage Targeting.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2021Article
- The Role of Distinct Subsets of Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of MS and the Impact of Different Therapeutic Agents on These Populations.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- The Macrophage Response Is Driven by Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Metabolic Reprogramming.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- The Role of Diverse Immune Cells in Sarcoidosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Mass cytometry identifies expansion of double positive and exhausted T cell subsets in the tumour microenvironment of patients with POEMS syndrome.British journal of haematology · 2020Article
- Mechanisms of M2 Macrophage-Derived Exosomal Long Non-coding RNA PVT1 in Regulating Th17 Cell Response in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitisa.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis: Consequences for Therapy Development.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2020Review
- Thymoma Associated Myasthenia Gravis (TAMG): Differential Expression of Functional Pathways in Relation to MG Status in Different Thymoma Histotypes.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- STAT3 dictates β-cell apoptosis by modulating PTEN in streptozocin-induced hyperglycemia.Cell death and differentiation · 2020Article
- MicroRNA Regulated Macrophage Activation in Obesity.Journal of translational internal medicine · 2019Article
- Neuroinflammation as a Factor of Neurodegenerative Disease: Thalidomide Analogs as Treatments.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
16 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and debilitating neurological disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by infiltration of leukocytes into CNS and subsequent demyelination. Emerging evidences have revealed the beneficial roles of M2 macrophages in ameliorating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for MS. Here, we identify that lenalidomide alone could promote macrophages M2 polarization to prevent the progression of EAE, which is associated with subsequent inhibition of proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells both in peripheral lymph system and CNS. Depletion of macrophages by pharmacology treatment of clodronate liposomes or transferring lenalidomide-induced BMDMs in EAE mice completely abolished the therapeutic effect of lenalidomide or prevented EAE development, respectively. The macrophages-derived IL10 was upregulated both in vivo and in vitro after lenalidomide treatment. Moreover, lenalidomide-treated IL10-dificient EAE mice had higher clinical scores and more severe CNS damage, and intravenous injection of lenalidomide-treated IL10
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.