ArticleCirculation2018
Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Functions Underestimate Risk in HIV Infection.
Article in Circulation, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 126 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
126 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Statin Therapy as Primary Prevention for Persons With HIV: A Synopsis of Recommendations From the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines Panel.Annals of internal medicine · 2025Guideline
- Higher cardiovascular disease risks in people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2024Pooled it
- 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2019Guideline
- Heart Failure Risk and Events in People With HIV: The Randomized Trial to Prevent Vascular Events in HIV (REPRIEVE).Circulation. Heart failure · 2026Trial
- Performance of the pooled cohort equations and D:A:D risk scores among individuals with HIV in a global cardiovascular disease prevention trial: a cohort study leveraging data from REPRIEVE.The lancet. HIV · 2025Trial
- Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction Is Present Among Well-Treated Asymptomatic Persons With HIV and Similar to Those With Diabetes.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- HIV disease, metabolic dysfunction and atherosclerosis: A three year prospective study.PloS one · 2019Trial
- Microbial metabolite-driven mechanisms linking the gut microbiome to atherosclerosis: multi-omic and translational perspectives.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- A multicentre evaluation of cardiovascular risk prediction tools in people living with HIV across England (ECARTH study).HIV medicine · 2026Observational
- Improvement in Aortic Stiffness After 9 Months of Antiretroviral Therapy in Treatment-Naïve People Living with HIV.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Beyond Lipid Lowering: A Narrative Review and Expert Perspective on Precision Cardiovascular Prevention in People with HIV After REPRIEVE.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Patient-Level Discordance Between SCORE2 Cardiovascular Risk and PD-1/PD-L1 Checkpoint-Expression Profiles in People Living with HIV: A Secondary Cohort Analysis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Relationship between cardiovascular risk scores and subclinical coronary artery disease in people living with HIV.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- HIV-1 Nef generates lasting innate immune memory in haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in vivo.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Falls in Men and Women Living With and Without HIV in MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- Early Identification of Atherosclerosis in People Living with HIV by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Associations Between B-Cell Subsets and Subclinical Coronary Artery Disease in Ugandans With and Without HIV.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- REPRIEVE Analysis of New Cardiovascular Risk Calculators in HIV: Underpredicting Risk Means Preventing Fewer Heart Attacks.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Structural and functional modifications of neuronal lipid rafts: implications for HIV-associated neurological disorders.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Significant Impact of Previous Major Cardiovascular Events (MACEs) and Viremia on Risk of New MACEs in People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
66 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is elevated in HIV-infected individuals, with contributions from both traditional and nontraditional risk factors. The accuracy of established CVD risk prediction functions in HIV is uncertain. We sought to assess the performance of 3 established CVD risk prediction functions in a longitudinal cohort of HIV-infected men.
methodsThe FHS (Framingham Heart Study) functions for hard coronary heart disease (FHS CHD) and atherosclerotic CVD (FHS ASCVD) and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association ASCVD function were applied to the Partners HIV cohort. Risk scores were calculated between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2008. Outcomes included CHD (myocardial infarction or coronary death) for the FHS CHD function and ASCVD (myocardial infarction, stroke, or coronary death) for the FHS ASCVD and American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association ASCVD functions. We investigated the accuracy of CVD risk prediction for each function when applied to the HIV cohort using comparison of Cox regression coefficients, discrimination, and calibration.
resultsThe HIV cohort was comprised of 1272 men followed for a median of 4.4 years. There were 78 (6.1%) ASCVD events; the 5-year incidence rate was 16.4 per 1000 person-years. Discrimination was moderate to poor as indicated by the low
conclusionsCardiovascular risk prediction functions developed for use in the general population are inaccurate in HIV infection and systematically underestimate risk in a cohort of HIV-infected men. Development of tailored CVD risk prediction functions incorporating traditional CVD risk factors and HIV-specific factors is likely to result in more accurate risk estimation to guide preventative CVD care.
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