ReviewSports health
Comprehensive Examination of the Athlete's Shoulder.
Review in Sports health. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Risk factors and management of atraumatic distal clavicular osteolysis: A scoping review.Shoulder & elbow · 2026Review
- Reframing diagnostic reasoning: the Bayesian imperative in shoulder examination.Frontiers in surgery · 2026Article
- Scapular dyskinesis after breast reconstruction surgery for breast cancer: a retrospective clinical analysis on 67 patients.Musculoskeletal surgery · 2025Observational
- The relationship between subjective shoulder discomfort and quantitative humeral head translation in baseball players; cross-sectional study.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Zero vs. 30: a diagnostic manual muscle testing technique for detecting full- or partial-thickness supraspinatus muscle tears.JSES reviews, reports, and techniques · 2025Article
- Codman maneuver for biceps tendonitis: a prospective evaluation of a forgotten examination maneuver.JSES international · 2025Article
- Clinical and ultrasonographic evaluation of uninjured dominant shoulder in amateur rugby players vs a control group: a pilot study.Journal of ultrasound · 2024Article
- Reliability of the Single-Arm and Double-Arm Jobe Test for the Diagnosis of Full-Thickness Supraspinatus Tendon Tear.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2023Article
- Glenoid Avulsion of the Glenohumeral Ligament Repair Through a Single Working Portal.Arthroscopy techniques · 2023Article
- Could the Improvement of Supraspinatus Muscle Activity Speed up Shoulder Pain Rehabilitation Outcomes in Wheelchair Basketball Players?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- IRO/Shift Test Is Comparable to the Jobe Test for Detection of Supraspinatus Lesions.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Weakness in patients with subacromial pain syndrome is local and more pronounced in females.Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) · 2022Article
- Review
- The Applicability of Provocative Functional Tests in the Diagnosis of Rotator Cuff Muscle Injuries of the Best University Athletes.BioMed research international · 2022Article
- The Shoulder Lever Test - Technical Tip for Instability Assessment in Large Shoulders.Journal of orthopaedic case reports · 2022Article
- Management Options for Shoulder Impingement Syndrome in Athletes: Insights and Future Directions.Open access journal of sports medicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextShoulder pain and dysfunction are common, with patients presenting complaints to both primary and orthopaedic physicians. History and physical examination remain essential to creating a differential diagnosis, even as noninvasive imaging has improved. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Literature was obtained through keyword searches based on the pathology in question (eg, rotator cuff) and the keywords physical examination using PubMed from January 1, 1980, through September 20, 2017. Additional evidence was obtained through screening references from articles identified through the PubMed searches. STUDY
designClinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3.
resultsA total of 7817 articles were screened for relevance. Several physical examination maneuvers have been described for each specific pathology. The Neer sign has a 75% sensitivity for subacromial impingement (SAI), while the Hawkins-Kennedy test has an 80% sensitivity. The painful arc test has an 80% specificity for SAI. The apprehension test has a hazard ratio of 2.96 for anterior shoulder instability. The Jobe test has a sensitivity of 52.6% and a specificity of 82.4% for full-thickness supraspinatus tears, confirmed on arthroscopy. The lag sign is highly sensitive and specific for combined full-thickness supraspinatus and infraspinatus tears at 97% and 93%, respectively. The Speed test has a sensitivity of 54% and specificity of 81% for biceps pathology. The anterior slide test and O'Brien active compression test have been described for superior labrum anterior posterior tears with inconsistent reliability. The cross-body adduction test has a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 79% for acromioclavicular joint pathology.
conclusionSeveral physical examination maneuvers can isolate specific pathology of the shoulder, with widely ranging sensitivity and specificity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.