ArticleScientific reports2018
Blood biomarkers of Hikikomori, a severe social withdrawal syndrome.
Article in Scientific reports, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Functioning, disability, and health of individuals with Hikikomori (prolonged social withdrawal) and their families: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies.The International journal of social psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Hikikomori in the urban digital era: a psychodynamic, transdiagnostic model and multimodal interventions.Current opinion in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Parental bonding and attachment in the hikikomori trajectory.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- Leveraging machine learning to uncover the hidden links between trusting behavior and biological markers.Dialogues in clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- The flow cytometric analysis of depression focusing on modern-type depression and hikikomori: Exploring the link between subtypes of depression and immunological imbalances.Dialogues in clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Global psychiatrists' opinions aboutPCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Article
- Explainable machine learning models predicting the risk of social isolation in older adults: a prospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Investigating the Overlap ofMedicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Connecting loneliness with pathological personality traits: Evidence for genetic and environmental mediation from a study of older twins.Personality disorders · 2024Article
- High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and bilirubin as possible biomarkers for hikikomori in depression: A case-control study.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2023Article
- Relationship Between Social Withdrawal (Hikikomori), Personality, and Coping in an Adult Population.Psychiatry investigation · 2023Article
- Contemporary Hermits: A Developmental Psychopathology Account of Extreme Social Withdrawal (Hikikomori) in Young People.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2023Article
- Hikikomori: A Scientometric Review of 20 Years of Research.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
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- Validation of the Italian version of the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25-I).Journal of clinical psychology · 2023Article
- Pathological social withdrawal in autism spectrum disorder: A case control study of hikikomori in Japan.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Loneliness in Personality Disorders.Current psychiatry reports · 2022Review
- Preliminary study of the social withdrawal (hikikomori) spectrum in French adolescents: focusing on the differences in pathology and related factors compared with Japanese adolescents.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
- Hikikomori: A Society-Bound Syndrome of Severe Social Withdrawal.Psychiatry and clinical psychopharmacology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hikikomori, a severe form of social withdrawal syndrome, is a growing social issue in Japan and internationally. The pathophysiology of hikikomori has not yet been elucidated and an effective treatment remains to be established. Recently, we revealed that avoidant personality disorder is the most common comorbidity of hikikomori. Thus, we have postulated that avoidant personality is the personality underpinning hikikomori. First, we herein show relationships between avoidant personality traits, blood biomarkers, hikikomori-related psychological features, and behavioural characteristics assessed by a trust game in non-hikikomori volunteers. Avoidant personality traits were negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and uric acid (UA) in men, and positively associated with fibrin degeneration products (FDP) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in women. Next, we recruited actual individuals with hikikomori, and compared avoidant personality traits, blood biomarkers, and psychological features between individuals with hikikomori and age-matched healthy controls. Individuals with hikikomori had higher avoidant personality scores in both sexes, and showed lower serum UA levels in men and lower HDL-C levels in women compared with healthy controls. This is the first report showing possible blood biomarkers for hikikomori, and opens the door to clarify the underlying biological pathophysiology of hikikomori.
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