ReviewCold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine2019
The Evolving Mechanisms of Action of Glatiramer Acetate.
Review in Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glatiramer Acetate Immunomodulation: Evidence of Neuroprotection and Cognitive Preservation.Cells · 2022Pooled it
- Repopulation of T, B, and NK cells following alemtuzumab treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Reported Characteristics of Anaphylaxis Associated With Glatiramer Acetate: A Pharmacovigilance Analysis of the FDA and Canadian Databases.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2026Article
- Systemic microbial antigen administration ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via MHC-II downregulation in the CNS and secondary lymphoid organs.Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology · 2026Article
- Physicians' Knowledge and Practice Regarding Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Article
- Presentation of hemagglutinin on adjuvant-bearing self-assembling peptide nanofibers increases heterologous responses against influenza.Acta biomaterialia · 2026Article
- T Helper Cells and Cytokine Networks in the Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- Star-Shaped Glatiramer Acetate Mitigates Pulmonary Dysfunction and Brain Neuroinflammation in a Murine Model of Cryptococcus-Associated IRIS.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Mendelian Randomization Combined with Bioinformatics Revealed Specific Allergy-Mediated Protective Mechanisms Against Renal Cell Carcinoma.Phenomics (Cham, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- HLA-A∗03:01 as predictive genetic biomarker for glatiramer acetate treatment response in multiple sclerosis: a retrospective cohort analysis.EBioMedicine · 2025Article
- Glatiramer Acetate Modifies the Immune Profiles of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells In Vitro Without Affecting Their Generation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Immune mechanisms and shared immune targets in neurodegenerative diseases.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2025Review
- Multiple sclerosis: a narrative overview of current pharmacotherapies and emerging treatment prospects.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2024Review
- The contribution of tumor necrosis factor to multiple sclerosis: a possible role in progression independent of relapse?Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- Can Glatiramer Acetate Prevent Cognitive Impairment by Modulating Oxidative Stress in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis?Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Antimicrobial peptide glatiramer acetate targets Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides to breach membranes without altering lipopolysaccharide modification.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2024Article
- Catalytic Antibodies May Contribute to Demyelination in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.Biochemistry · 2024Article
- Use of Cells, Supplements, and Peptides as Therapeutic Strategies for Modulating Inflammation after Spinal Cord Injury: An Update.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Inconsistent Effects of Glatiramer Acetate Treatment in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a synthetic amino acid copolymer that is approved for treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). GA reduces multiple sclerosis (MS) disease activity and has shown comparable efficacy with high-dose interferon-β. The mechanism of action (MOA) of GA has long been an enigma. Originally, it was recognized that GA treatment promoted expansion of GA-reactive T-helper 2 and regulatory T cells, and induced the release of neurotrophic factors. However, GA treatment influences both innate and adaptive immune compartments, and it is now recognized that antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are the initial cellular targets for GA. The anti-inflammatory (M2) APCs induced following treatment with GA are responsible for the induction of anti-inflammatory T cells that contribute to its therapeutic benefit. Here, we review studies that have shaped our current understanding of the MOA of GA.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.