ArticlePloS one2018
Attempts to grow human noroviruses, a sapovirus, and a bovine norovirus in vitro.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Norovirus inter-species transmission in an ex vivo model is dependent on virus internalization capacity.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Intestinal Organoids as Models to Study Viruses: Current Application and Future Perspective.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Multi-Ligand Interactions Shape Human Norovirus Persistence, Transmission, and Control in Food Matrices.Viruses · 2026Review
- Bile acids accumulate norovirus-like particles and enhance binding to and entry into human enteric epithelial cells.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Article
- Mechanisms of Norovirus Immunity: Implications for Vaccine Design.Annual review of pathology · 2026Review
- Unlocking the secrets of Feline calicivirus: advances in structural and nonstructural proteins and its role as a key model for other Caliciviruses.Virology journal · 2025Review
- Establishment of a Novel Caco-2-Based Cell Culture System for Human Sapovirus Propagation.Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms · 2025Article
- Virus Shedding and Diarrhea: A Review of Human Norovirus Genogroup II Infection in Gnotobiotic Pigs.Viruses · 2024Review
- Human norovirus cultivation systems and their use in antiviral research.Journal of virology · 2024Review
- Comprehensive Genomics Investigation of Neboviruses Reveals Distinct Codon Usage Patterns and Host Specificity.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- The first complete genome sequence and genetic evolution analysis of bovine norovirus in Xinjiang, China.Journal of veterinary research · 2024Article
- Replication of Human Sapovirus in Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Intestinal Epithelial Cells.Viruses · 2023Article
- Gastrointestinal organoids in the study of viral infections.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2023Review
- A New Synergistic Strategy for Virus and Bacteria Eradication: Towards Universal Disinfectants.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- A Roadmap for Building Waterborne Virus Traps.JACS Au · 2022Review
- Article
- Analysis and optimization of a Caco-2 cell culture model for infection with human norovirus.Archives of virology · 2022Article
- The Complexity of Swine Caliciviruses. A Mini Review on Genomic Diversity, Infection Diagnostics, World Prevalence and Pathogenicity.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Norovirus in Acute Gastroenteritis Cases in the Southwest Province of Turkey.Balkan medical journal · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) and Sapoviruses (SaVs) are enteric caliciviruses that have been detected in multiple mammalian species, including humans. Currently, efficient cell culture systems have been established only for murine NoVs and porcine SaV Cowden strain. Establishment of an efficient in vitro cell culture system for other NoVs and SaVs remains challenging; however, human NoV (HuNoV) replication in 3D cultured Caco-2 cells and a clone of Caco-2 cells, C2BBe1, human enteroids and in human B cells has been reported. In this study, we tested various cells and culture conditions to grow HuNoVs and a human SaV (HuSaV) to test the possibility of the propagation in different cells and culture conditions. We also attempted to grow a bovine NoV (BoNoV) in ex vivo organ cultures. We did not observe significant RNA level increases for HuSaV and BoNoV under our test conditions. HuNoV RNA levels increased to a maximum of ~600-fold in long-term Caco-2 cells that were cultured for 1-2 months in multi-well plates and inoculated with HuNoV-positive and bacteria-free human stool suspensions using serum-free medium supplemented with the bile acid, GCDCA. However, this positive result was inconsistent. Our results demonstrated that HuNoVs, BoNoV and HuSaV largely failed to grow in vitro under our test conditions. Our purpose is to share our findings with other researchers with the goal to develop efficient, reproducible simplified and cost-effective culture systems for human and animal NoVs and SaVs in the future.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.