ReviewNutrients2018
Toll-Like Receptors: Regulators of the Immune Response in the Human Gut.
Review in Nutrients, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 115 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
115 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 212 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The role of gut microbiome in aging-associated diseases: where do we stand now and how technology will transform the future.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- From Gut to Gain: The Microbiome's Contribution to Broiler Health and Productivity.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Sex-stratified genetic regulators of cytokine production in the Dutch and Tanzanian populations.HGG advances · 2026Article
- Review
- Probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium bifidum upregulation of intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier is mediated by TLR-2/TLR-6 receptor complex activation of occludin gene.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Gut-heart axis disruption and LPS translocation: driving atrial fibrillation through inflammatory storm and fibrotic mechanisms.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Maternal High-Fat Diet Worsens Necrotizing Enterocolitis via Effects on Mitochondrial Function in Newborn Mice.Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- Microbiota and lipid mediators: from molecular crosstalk to therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Observational
- Role of TLR4 in Enteric Glia Response to Clostridioides Difficile Toxins: Insights From In Vivo and In Vitro Studies.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Gut Microbiome and Immune System Crosstalk in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Toll Like Receptors in the Larynx: Implications for Laryngeal Immunology.The Laryngoscope · 2025Article
- Association Between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and Life's Essential 8 in Older Adults Based on Gut Microbiota Profiles.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Article
- Crosstalk of immunity and metabolism: interaction of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and gut microbiota.Acta diabetologica · 2025Review
- Gut microbiota dysbiosis exacerbates heart failure by the LPS-TLR4/NF-κB signalling axis: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential of TLR4 inhibition.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- The role of the gut microbiota and its metabolites: a new predictor in diabetes and its complications.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- Mucosal Immunity: Lessons from the Lower Respiratory and Small Intestinal Epithelia.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- The Gut-Heart Axis and Its Role in Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2025Review
55 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are powerful molecular regulators by which the immune system may "sense" the environment and protect the host from pathogens or endogenous threats. In mammalian cells, several TLRs were identified with a tissue and cell type-specific distribution. Understanding the functions of specific TLRs is crucial for the development and discovery of compounds useful to maintaining or re-establishing homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Due to their relevance in regulating the inflammatory response in the GIT, we will focus here on TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5. In particular, we describe (a) the molecular pathways activated by the stimulation of these receptors with their known bacterial ligands; (b) the non-bacterial ligands known to interact directly with TLR2 and TLR4 and their soluble forms. The scope of this minireview is to highlight the importance of bacterial and non-bacterial compounds in affecting the gut immune functions via the activation of the TLRs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.