ArticlePediatrics2018
Health and Care Utilization of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Youth: A Population-Based Study.
Article in Pediatrics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 141 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
141 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 372 citations in OpenAlex.
- The who, how and what of educational outcome research for autistic students published in the last decade: A systematic quantitative literature review.The British journal of educational psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Transgender and gender diverse youths' experiences of healthcare: A systematic review of qualitative studies.Journal of child health care : for professionals working with children in the hospital and community · 2025Pooled it
- Health professional perspectives on translation of cultural safety concepts into practice: A scoping study.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors in gender non-conforming youths: a meta-analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Risk and Resilience Factors for Mental Health among Transgender and Gender Nonconforming (TGNC) Youth: A Systematic Review.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy of the Outsmart HPV Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase HPV Vaccination among Young Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Trial
- Gender Dysphoria Among 46,XX Patients Diagnosed with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia in Childhood: A Case Series.Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings · 2026Article
- Multilevel Factors Impacting U.S. School Nurses' Support of LGBTQ+ Youth: A Qualitative Analysis.The Journal of school nursing : the official publication of the National Association of School Nurses · 2026Article
- Gender Identity and Preferences in Children with Variations in Sex DevelopmentJournal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology · 2026Article
- Social epidemiology of gender diversity in early adolescents.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Co-Development and Validation of a Patient-Reported Experience Measure for Trans and Gender Diverse Young People: A Multi-Stage Participatory Study Protocol.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026Article
- Qualitative analysis of the impact of top surgery on physical activity in transmasculine and non-binary adolescents and young adults: a pilot study.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- A Novel Social Network Approach to Measure Intersectional Stigma Among Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men in San Diego, California (NEXUS): Protocol for a Longitudinal Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- PrEP Intentions, Heavy Substance Use, and Gender Affirmation among Black and Latine Transgender and Gender-Expansive Youth: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Article
- Pride and pain - a lifespan-informed, identity-affirming approach to paediatric pain in 2SLGBTQIA+ youth: panel discussion at the international symposium for pediatric pain.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Factors Associated with Medical Mistrust Among Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adults.Sexuality research & social policy : journal of NSRC : SR & SP · 2026Article
- Knowledge and dispositions of caring professionals in school settings regarding trans, gender diverse and non-binary students: A scoping review of empirical research.International journal of transgender health · 2026Review
- The interplay between gender identity and sex assigned at birth in adolescents' health and wellbeing: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Designing a Better Health System: Patient Perspectives on Gender Inclusive Care.Clinical pediatrics · 2025Article
81 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTransgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) adolescents have difficulty accessing and receiving health care compared with cisgender youth, yet research is limited by a reliance on small and nonrepresentative samples. This study's purpose was to examine mental and physical health characteristics and care utilization between youth who are TGNC and cisgender and across perceived gender expressions within the TGNC sample.
methodsData came from the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey, which consisted of 80 929 students in ninth and 11th grade (
resultsWe found that students who are TGNC reported significantly poorer health, lower rates of preventive health checkups, and more nurse office visits than cisgender youth. For example, 62.1% of youth who are TGNC reported their general health as poor, fair, or good versus very good or excellent, compared with 33.1% of cisgender youth (χ
conclusionsHealth care utilization differs between TGNC versus cisgender youth and across gender presentations within TGNC youth. With our results, we suggest that health care providers should screen for health risks and identify barriers to care for TGNC youth while promoting and bolstering wellness within this community.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.