ArticleSubstance abuse2018
The relationship between drug use settings, roles in the drug economy, and witnessing a drug overdose in Baltimore, Maryland.
Article in Substance abuse, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- 'If you've ever experienced it, you'd feel differently': Exploring willingness and skepticism toward using higher dose naloxone products among people who use drugs in Maryland, United States.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Understanding the role of overdose witnesses: responses and characteristics of people who inject drugs in Oakland and San Francisco.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- "All You Can Do is What You Know to Do": Naloxone Knowledge and Uncertainty Among People Who Use Drugs in Maryland amid a Volatile Drug Market.Substance use & misuse · 2025Article
- Associations with experience of non-fatal opioid overdose in British Columbia, Canada: a repeated cross sectional survey study.Harm reduction journal · 2023Article
- Exploring trauma and wellbeing of people who use drugs after witnessing overdose: A qualitative study.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Article
- Overdose Experiences among People Who Inject Drugs in West Virginia: Personal Loss, Psychological Distress, Naloxone, and Fentanyl.Substance use & misuse · 2023Article
- "I've been to more of my friends' funerals than I've been to my friends' weddings": Witnessing and responding to overdose in rural Northern New England.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2023Article
- Prevalence and correlates of stocking up on drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic: Data from the C3PNO Consortium.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Article
- Pharmacy on-site overdose protocols and prevention of overdose.Substance abuse · 2022Article
- ``Now it is mostly done through stashes, to do it in person one has to trust you'': Understanding the retail injection drug market in Dnipro, Ukraine.The International journal on drug policy · 2021Article
- Effect of witnessing an overdose on the use of drug checking services among people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2020Article
- The Geographic Distribution of Fentanyl-Involved Overdose Deaths in Cook County, Illinois.American journal of public health · 2020Article
- Harm reduction measures employed by people using opioids with suspected fentanyl exposure in Boston, Baltimore, and Providence.Harm reduction journal · 2019Article
- Stigma and drug use settings as correlates of self-reported, non-fatal overdose among people who use drugs in Baltimore, Maryland.The International journal on drug policy · 2019Article
- More than just availability: Who has access and who administers take-home naloxone in Baltimore, MD.PloS one · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere has been a dramatic increase in drug overdose deaths in the United States. In the current study, the authors examined factors associated with witnessing a drug overdose.
methodsA sample of 450 substance users in Baltimore, Maryland, were recruited for a behavioral intervention and were administered a survey. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to compare participants who never witnessed a drug overdose with those who witnessed one in the prior 6 months and those who witnessed an overdose over 6 months ago.
resultsMost (58%) participants were male, 40% experienced homelessness in the prior 6 months, 63% reported a history of heroin injecting, 84% had snorted heroin, 75% reported witnessing a drug overdose, and 38% experienced an overdose. In multinomial logistic regression models, witnessing an overdose in the past 6 months was associated with number of different types of places where drugs were used (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.34), history of experiencing an overdose (aOR = 1.80), injecting heroin and/or speedball (aOR = 1.78), and snorting heroin (aOR = 1.54). Witnessing an overdose more than 6 months ago was associated with number of different places where drugs were used (aOR = 1.25), history of experiencing an overdose (aOR = 1.61), snorting heroin (aOR = 1.42), and injecting heroin or speedball (aOR = 1.47).
conclusionsThese data suggest that people who engage in more public and frequent drug use, and hence are more likely to witness an overdose, should be targeted for interventions to prevent and treat drug overdose.
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