ReviewCNS drugs2018
Tardive Dyskinesia Associated with Atypical Antipsychotics: Prevalence, Mechanisms and Management Strategies.
Review in CNS drugs, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tardive Dyskinesia with Antipsychotic Medication in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review.Drug safety · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review on the use of clozapine in treatment of tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia in patients with psychiatric disorders.Psychopharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Medication-Induced Akathisia with Newly Approved Antipsychotics in Patients with a Severe Mental Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.CNS drugs · 2019Pooled it
- The effects of valbenazine on tardive dyskinesia in older and younger patients.International journal of geriatric psychiatry · 2020Trial
- Adjunctive Pharmacotherapy for Major Depressive Disorder with Anxiety Symptoms: from Monoamines to Recent Clinical Evidence.CNS drugs · 2026Review
- Clinical and neurobiological correlates of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and mood disorders.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- The Effects of Antipsychotic Dose Reduction on Movement Disorders and Cardiometabolic Indices in Patients Remitted from a First Episode of Psychosis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Genetic Variations in the Dopaminergic Signaling Pathways and Their Implications for Antipsychotics Pharmacogenetics.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2026Review
- Quantifying VMAT2 target occupancy at effective valbenazine doses and comparing to a novel VMAT2 inhibitor: a translational PET study.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Reassessing mirtazapine and akathisia: A case report on its efficacy in treating severe, treatment-resistant akathisia and a review of the evidence.SAGE open medical case reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Candidate biomarkers in psychiatric disorders: state of the field.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2023Article
- Antipsychotics and Medical Comorbidity: A Retrospective Study in an Urban Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic.Community mental health journal · 2023Article
- Depression and suicidality with VMAT2 inhibitors in tardive dyskinesia A signal detection from the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2023Article
- Altered DNA methylation of CYP2E1 gene in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia.BMC medical genomics · 2022Article
- Inhibition of VMAT2 by β2-adrenergic agonists, antagonists, and the atypical antipsychotic ziprasidone.Communications biology · 2022Article
- Effects of cannabidiol on vacuous chewing movements, plasma glucose and oxidative stress indices in rats administered high dose risperidone.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Clinical Consequences of Motor Behavior as Transdiagnostic Phenomenon.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2022Article
- Prevention of oral and maxillofacial trauma secondary to orofacial dyskinesias associated with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a case series.BMC oral health · 2021Article
- Improvement of Tardive Dyskinesia during Mindfulness Meditation.Neurology international · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
All antipsychotics, including the atypical antipsychotics (AAPs), may cause tardive dyskinesia (TD), a potentially irreversible movement disorder, the pathophysiology of which is currently unknown. The prevention and treatment of TD remain major challenges for clinicians. We conducted a PubMed search to review the prevalence and etiology of and management strategies for TD associated with AAPs. TD prevalence rates varied substantially between studies, with an estimated prevalence of around 20% in patients using AAPs. The risk of TD is lower with AAPs than with typical antipsychotics (TAPs) but remains a problem because AAPs are increasingly being prescribed. Important risk factors associated with TD include the duration of antipsychotic use, age, and ethnicity other than Caucasian. Theories about the etiology of TD include supersensitivity of the dopamine receptors and oxidative stress, but other neurotransmitters and factors are probably involved. Studies concerning the management of TD have considerable methodological limitations. Thus, recommendations for the management of TD are based on a few trials and clinical experience, and no general guidelines for the management of TD can be established. The best management strategy remains prevention. Caution is required when prescribing antipsychotics, and regular screening is needed for early detection of TD. Other strategies may include reducing the AAP dosage, switching to clozapine, or administering vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)-2 inhibitors. In severe cases, local injections of botulinum toxin or deep brain stimulation may be considered. More clinical trials in larger samples are needed to gather valid information on the effect of interventions targeting TD.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.