ArticleResuscitation2018
"Resuscitation time bias"-A unique challenge for observational cardiac arrest research.
Article in Resuscitation, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 106 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Association Between Epinephrine Administration Timing and Outcomes in Adult Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
- Bicarbonate and Other Buffer Therapies in Acute Metabolic Acidosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · 2026Pooled it
- Intraosseous Versus Intravenous Vascular Access in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- Intraosseous versus intravenous vascular access in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Performance of Intra-arrest Echocardiography: A Systematic Review.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Intraosseous versus intravenous vascular access during cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Pre-arrest and intra-arrest prognostic factors associated with survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2019Pooled it
- Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest: A systematic review.Resuscitation · 2018Pooled it
- Effect of Early Versus Delayed Tracheostomy Strategy on Functional Outcome of Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Target Trial Emulation.Critical care explorations · 2024Trial
- Efficacy of emergency department calcium administration in cardiac arrest: A 9-year retrospective evaluation.Resuscitation · 2023Trial
- Supraglottic airway device versus tracheal intubation in the initial airway management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the AIRWAYS-2 cluster RCT.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Adrenaline to improve survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the PARAMEDIC2 RCT.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2021Trial
- Intraosseous versus intravenous administration of adrenaline in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a secondary analysis of the PARAMEDIC2 placebo-controlled trial.Intensive care medicine · 2020Trial
- The influence of time to adrenaline administration in the Paramedic 2 randomised controlled trial.Intensive care medicine · 2020Trial
- Mechanical versus manual chest compressions in the treatment of in-hospital cardiac arrest patients in a non-shockable rhythm: a randomised controlled feasibility trial (COMPRESS-RCT).Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Intra-arrest strategies to treat cardiac arrest due to a non-opioid toxicological causes in adults and children: a systematic review.Resuscitation plus · 2026Article
- Naloxone administration associated with improved survival in PEA out-of-hospital cardiac arrests.Resuscitation · 2026Article
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Observational studies are prone to a number of biases. One of these is immortal time bias. In this manuscript, we discuss immortal time bias as it pertains to post-cardiac arrest research and describes a related bias which we term "resuscitation time bias". This bias can occur when studying exposures during cardiac arrest. In this unique situation, an exposure is more likely to occur the longer the cardiac arrest continues. Since length of resuscitation is strongly associated with worse outcome, this will bias the results toward a harmful effect of the exposure. We discuss this bias and present methods to account for it.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.