ArticleJournal of neurology2018
Defining spasticity: a new approach considering current movement disorders terminology and botulinum toxin therapy.
Article in Journal of neurology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 98 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of cannabinoids in the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- From Neurophysiological Mechanisms to Rehabilitation After Botulinum Toxin Type A in Post-Stroke Spasticity.Toxins · 2026Pooled it
- Movement Disorders in MOGAD: A Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence and Risk Factors for Spasticity After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Pooled it
- Article
- Relief of pain associated with spasticity in adult patients after treatment with onabotulinumtoxinA: Post hoc observational results from the ASPIRE study.PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation · 2026Observational
- A phenomenological approach to spastic movement disorders: an international expert panel consensus.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- The use of botulinum toxin for spasticity in people with spinal cord injury: a scoping review.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2026Article
- Aligning Minds in Spasticity Care-A Two-Phase Delphi-Dialogue Study of Patients and Professionals in Spain.Toxins · 2026Article
- Botulinum toxin treatment for multiple sclerosis and post-stroke spasticity in clinical practice: differences in injection doses and patterns.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2026Article
- What stroke survivors say about living with upper limb spasticity and how they manage it.Australian occupational therapy journal · 2025Article
- Excitation-inhibition imbalance in the motor control network: a key factor in post-stroke spasticity.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Review
- Article
- Living With Spasticity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study of Patient, Carer and Physician Experiences.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2024Article
- Long-Term Management of Post-Stroke Spasticity with Botulinum Toxin: A Retrospective Study.Toxins · 2024Article
- Spinal movement disorders in NMOSD, MOGAD, and idiopathic transverse myelitis: a prospective observational study.Journal of neurology · 2024Observational
- Surgical reconstruction for spasticity and contracture: An underutilised rehabilitative strategy of adult stroke.JRSM open · 2024Review
- Article
- Assessing muscle architecture with ultrasound: implications for spasticity.European journal of translational myology · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 20 institutions in 16 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Spasticity is a symptom occurring in many neurological conditions including stroke, multiple sclerosis, hypoxic brain damage, traumatic brain injury, tumours and heredodegenerative diseases. It affects large numbers of patients and may cause major disability. So far, spasticity has merely been described as part of the upper motor neurone syndrome or defined in a narrowed neurophysiological sense. This consensus organised by IAB-Interdisciplinary Working Group Movement Disorders wants to provide a brief and practical new definition of spasticity-for the first time-based on its various forms of muscle hyperactivity as described in the current movement disorders terminology. We propose the following new definition system: Spasticity describes involuntary muscle hyperactivity in the presence of central paresis. The involuntary muscle hyperactivity can consist of various forms of muscle hyperactivity: spasticity sensu strictu describes involuntary muscle hyperactivity triggered by rapid passive joint movements, rigidity involuntary muscle hyperactivity triggered by slow passive joint movements, dystonia spontaneous involuntary muscle hyperactivity and spasms complex involuntary movements usually triggered by sensory or acoustic stimuli. Spasticity can be described by a documentation system grouped along clinical picture (axis 1), aetiology (axis 2), localisation (axis 3) and additional central nervous system deficits (axis 4). Our new definition allows distinction of spasticity components accessible to BT therapy and those inaccessible. The documentation sheet presented provides essential information for planning of BT therapy.
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Registered trials
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