ArticleBMC psychiatry2018
Health care and societal costs of the management of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Spain: a descriptive analysis.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Adherence, frequency, and long-term follow-up of video game-based treatments in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review.Brain and behavior · 2023Pooled it
- Prenatal Exposure to Air Pollutants and Attentional Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Development in Children: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Different functional alteration in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across developmental age groups: A meta-analysis and an independent validation of resting-state functional connectivity studies.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- Do Costs in the Education Sector Matter? A Systematic Literature Review of the Economic Impact of Psychosocial Problems on the Education Sector.PharmacoEconomics · 2021Pooled it
- Global Economic Burden of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review.PharmacoEconomics · 2021Pooled it
- Assessing direct medical costs of children following a new prescription of ADHD medication.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Methodological considerations for estimating indirect costs in children and adolescents with chronic conditions: a scoping review.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Methods used to account for caregivers' sex and gender within studies examining the financial burden of caregivers of children and adolescents : Results from a scoping review.ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR · 2024Article
- Identifying ADHD-Related Abnormal Functional Connectivity with a Graph Convolutional Neural Network.Neural plasticity · 2024Article
- Facial emotion recognition in children and youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and irritability.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2023Article
- Differential costs for the non-adult ADHD population in Catalonia.Health economics review · 2023Article
- Gestational organophosphate ester exposure and preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child cohort study.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2023Article
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Insights into underfunding in the private healthcare sector in South Africa.The South African journal of psychiatry : SAJP : the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa · 2023Article
- Review
- Family, personal, parental correlates and behavior disturbances in school-aged boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a cross-sectional study.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2022Article
- The Cost of Neurodevelopmental Disability: Scoping Review of Economic Evaluation Methods.ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR · 2022Article
- Review of barriers and interventions to promote treatment engagement for pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder care.World journal of psychiatry · 2021Review
- Elevated risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Japanese children with higher genetic susceptibility to ADHD with a birth weight under 2000 g.BMC medicine · 2021Article
- Gestational Phthalate Exposure and Preschool Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Norway.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2021Article
- Genetic variations influence brain changes in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.Translational psychiatry · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition in childhood (5.3% to 7.1% worldwide prevalence), with substantial overall financial burden to children/adolescents, their families, and society. The aims of this study were to describe the clinical characteristics of children and adolescents with ADHD in Spain, estimate the associated direct/indirect costs of the disorder, and assess whether the characteristics and financial costs differed between children/adolescents adequately responding to currently available pharmacotherapies compared with children/adolescents for whom pharmacotherapies failed.
methodsThis was a multicenter, cross-sectional, descriptive analysis conducted in 15 health units representative of the overall Spanish population. Data on demographic characteristics, socio-occupational status, social relationships, clinical variables of the disease, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments received were collected in 321 children and adolescents with ADHD. Direct and indirect costs were estimated over one year from both a health care system and a societal perspective.
resultsThe estimated average cost of ADHD per year per child/adolescent was €5733 in 2012 prices; direct costs accounted for 60.2% of the total costs (€3450). Support from a psychologist/educational psychologist represented 45.2% of direct costs and 27.2% of total costs. Pharmacotherapy accounted for 25.8% of direct costs and 15.5% of total costs. Among indirect costs (€2283), 65.2% was due to caregiver expenses. The total annual costs were significantly higher for children/adolescents who responded poorly to pharmacological treatment (€7654 versus €5517; P = 0.024), the difference being mainly due to significantly higher direct costs, particularly with larger expenses for non-pharmacological treatment (P = 0.012).
conclusionsADHD has a significant personal, familial, and financial impact on the Spanish health system and society. Successful pharmacological intervention was associated with lower overall expenses in the management of the disorder.
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