ArticlePloS one2018
Employment status and mortality in the context of high and low regional unemployment levels in Belgium (2001-2011): A test of the social norm hypothesis across educational levels.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is it the Past or the Present? Employment Quality, Unemployment History, Psychological Distress and Mental Wellbeing in the United Kingdom.International journal of social determinants of health and health services · 2025Article
- Household-income trajectories and mental health inequalities in Germany before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a quasi-experimental panel study.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- A Linear Regression Analysis of Factors Affecting Social Determinants of Health Indicators.Acta medica Philippina · 2025Article
- Values, Health and Well-Being of Young Europeans Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET).International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Non-employment and low educational level as risk factors for inequitable treatment and mortality in heart failure: a population-based cohort study of register data.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Does Being Unemployed Matter? Insights from the GSCAD Registry.Current cardiology reviews · 2021Article
- Social cohesion, mental wellbeing and health-related quality of life among a cohort of social housing residents in Cornwall: a cross sectional study.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Unemployment and cause-specific mortality among the Belgian working-age population: The role of social context and gender.PloS one · 2019Article
- Experiences of involuntary job loss and health during the economic crisis in Portugal.Porto biomedical journalArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Because of compositional effects (more highly educated unemployed) and differences in the vulnerability towards the health consequences of unemployment (i.e. disappointment paradox hypothesis and/or status inconsistency for highly educated unemployed), it is argued that indicators of educational attainment need to be included when investigating the social norm of unemployment. Data from the 2001 census linked to register data from 2001-2011 are used, selecting all Belgian employed and unemployed between 30 and 59-year-old at time of the census. Poisson multilevel modelling was used to account for clustering of respondents within sub-districts. For individuals with low education levels, the relative difference in mortality rate ratios between the unemployed and employed is smallest in those regions where aggregate unemployment levels are high. For highly educated, this social norm effect was not found. This study suggest that the social norm effect is stronger for workers with low education levels, while highly educated workers suffer from disappointment and status inconsistency.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.