ArticleThe Laryngoscope2018
Olfactory and middle meatal cytokine levels correlate with olfactory function in chronic rhinosinusitis.
Article in The Laryngoscope, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- Correlation of Local Nasal Biomarkers and Olfactory Dysfunction in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2026Pooled it
- Beyond type 2 inflammation: An innate-myeloid axis is linked to recurrence of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2026Article
- Use of Machine Learning and 71-Plex Immune Mediator Analysis to Identify Nasal Mucus Biomarkers Associated With Olfactory Loss in Patients with CRSwNP.American journal of rhinology & allergy · 2026Article
- Conductive Mechanisms of Olfactory Dysfunction in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Focus on Nasal Airflow Dynamics and Olfactory Mucus.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Importance of Smell Loss to Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps: Options for Management and Recovery.Clinical and translational allergy · 2026Review
- What can we learn about chronic rhinosinusitis through mucus?Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery · 2026Review
- The microbiota-metabolite-immune axis in the olfactory cleft microenvironment: mechanisms and therapeutic implications for dysbiosis-driven olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The alarmin-ILC2 axis as a candidate mechanism for persistent olfactory dysfunction in allergic rhinitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Severe Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: From IL-5-Driven Pathogenetic Mechanisms to Clinical Management in the Italian Clinical Setting.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Central compartment atopic disease: Advances in pathogenesis and stratified treatment.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Review
- Intranasal pH and Olfactory Function Among Healthy Adults.The Laryngoscope · 2025Article
- Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients With Acetylcholine-Receptor-Antibody-Positive Myasthenia Gravis.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Article
- Effects of inflammatory endotypes on disease trajectory in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2025Article
- Investigating the Role of the Sinus Microbiome and Cytokine Profile in the SNOT-22 Response After Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Type 2 biomarkers in olfactory cleft mucus correlate with SNOT-22 in chronic rhinosinusitis independent of nasal polyp status.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2025Observational
- The IL-4-IL-4Rα axis modulates olfactory neuroimmune signaling to induce loss of smell.Allergy · 2025Article
- IL-6 and Olfactory Dysfunction: Focus on Changes, Effects, and Mechanisms.Mediators of inflammation · 2025Review
- Neuroimmune interactions in the olfactory epithelium: maintaining a sensory organ at an immune barrier interface.Trends in immunology · 2024Review
- IL-13 and IL-13-induced periostin levels are specifically decreased in patients following endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2024Article
- Residual nasal polyp tissue following dupilumab therapy is associated with periostin-associated fibrosis.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2024Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectives/hypothesisThe etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS)-associated olfactory loss is unclear, but may result from inflammatory changes in the olfactory epithelium that result in signaling dysfunction or loss of olfactory neurons. Several proinflammatory cytokines have been associated with CRS, but their expression within the olfactory cleft microenvironment and association with olfactory function is unknown. STUDY
designProspective case-control study.
methodsMucus was collected from the olfactory cleft and middle meatus of 31 CRS without nasal polyps subjects, 36 CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) subjects, and 12 healthy controls. Olfactory function was assessed using the validated Smell Identification Test (SIT). Site-specific levels of 14 cytokines/chemokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor-α, Eotaxin, RANTES [regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted]) were assessed using a multiplex flow cytometric bead assay and correlated with SIT scores.
resultsMucus cytokine levels in the olfactory cleft were strongly or moderately correlated with levels in the middle meatus for all but one measured inflammatory mediators. SIT scores were inversely correlated with levels of IL-2 (P = .006), IL-5 (P < .0001), IL-6 (P = .0009), IL-10 (P < .0001), and IL-13 (P < .0001), with significance largely driven by CRSwNP patients.
conclusionsThe inflammatory microenvironment within the olfactory cleft mirrors that within the middle meatus. Elevated levels of IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 in olfactory cleft mucus are associated with reduced olfactory identification scores in CRS patients. Altered levels of select olfactory mucus cytokines could potentially have deleterious effects on olfactory neuron function and turnover. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E304-E310, 2018.
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