ArticleBMC cancer2018
Smoking and prostate cancer: a life course analysis.
Article in BMC cancer, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Targeting Modifiable Risks: Molecular Mechanisms and Population Burden of Lifestyle Factors on Male Genitourinary Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Modifiable lifestyle factors and cancer risk in Latin America: A systematic review with meta-analysis.iScience · 2026Article
- Mortality and morbidity burden associated with smoking: evidence from a 1.6 million cohort in Hong Kong.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Personal care products exposure patterns and prostate cancer: evidence from a case-control study in Mexico City.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2025Article
- Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer aggressiveness among African and European American men.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2024Article
- Differential association between dairy intake patterns and incident prostate cancer: a potential dairy matrix effect.European journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Tobacco smoking is associated with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema and worse outcomes in interstitial lung disease.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2023Article
- The profile of Black South African men diagnosed with prostate cancer in the Free State, South Africa.South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care · 2023Article
- The Impact of Lifestyle on Prostate Cancer: A Road to the Discovery of New Biomarkers.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Contribution ofOncotarget · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInconsistent associations between smoking status and prostate cancer (PC) could be due to exposure assessment error. Reconstructing smoking behaviors over the life course could reduce exposure assessment error.
methodsAs part of a case-control study, we identified 402 incident and histologically confirmed PC cases that were matched by age (±5 years) to 805 population controls. Through direct interview, we obtained information about: age at smoking onset, intensity and frequency of cigarette smoking at different life stages, and smoking cessation age. Smoking status at interview and average smoking index over the lifetime (packs/year) were estimated. Life course smoking patterns were obtained applying the k-means+ method for longitudinal data to the smoking index (pack/year) for each life stage.
resultsTwo life-course smoking patterns were identified among ever smokers: "pattern A" characterized by males who reported low and constant smoking intensity (87.8%), and "pattern B" (12.2%) males with an initial period of low intensity, followed by an increase during the second period. Compared to never smokers, pattern B was associated with higher poorly differentiated PC, (OR 2.30; 95% CI 1.21-4.38). No association was observed with average smoking index.
conclusionLife course smoking patterns seem to capture the smoking variability during life course and reduce the likelihood of reverse causation. Using this assessment strategy our findings support the potential role of tobacco smoking in PC, particularly poorly differentiated PC. Prospective studies with comprehensive smoking history during the lifetime are needed to confirm these findings.
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