ReviewInternational review of cell and molecular biology2018
Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Its Therapeutic Inhibition in Cancer.
Review in International review of cell and molecular biology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 169 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
169 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 281 citations in OpenAlex.
- The immunotherapeutic role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review.Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery · 2021Pooled it
- Immunotherapy Advances in Locally Advanced and Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Relationship With Human Papillomavirus.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Immunostimulatory and Immunodynamic Modeling Analysis to Determine a Plausible Starting Dose of mRNA-4359 for Use in First-In-Human Trials.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2026Trial
- Therapeutic repurposing of old drugs to modulate the tumor immune microenvironment and enhance immunotherapy efficacy.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2026Review
- Review
- Artemether and Euphorbia factor L9 suppress kynurenine production through distinct effects on tryptophan metabolism.The Biochemical journal · 2026Article
- Tryptophan metabolites 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA) increase oxidative stress and impair osteoblastic bone formation.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Advancing Small-Molecule Immunotherapy Through Polymeric Micelle Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Development of a Fluorophore-Bound l-Tryptophan Derivative for Evaluating Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Activity by HPLC with Fluorescence Detection: An In Vivo Microdialysis Study Using Rat Kidney.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota-regulated tryptophan metabolism in breast cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Combined Serum IL-6 and CYFRA 21-1 as Potential Biomarkers for Radon-Associated Lung Cancer Risk: A Pilot Study.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- The role of platelets in tumor immune evasion and metastasis: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Cancer cell international · 2025Review
- Article
- Tryptophan metabolism: From physiological functions to key roles and therapeutic targets in cancer (Review).Oncology reports · 2025Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC).International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Targeted Therapeutic Innovations.MedComm · 2025Review
- The Epithelial Immune Response to Human Papillomavirus Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Role of the tumor microenvironment in cancer therapy: unveiling new targets to overcome drug resistance.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Article
- From mechanisms to medicine: Ferroptosis as a Therapeutic target in liver disorders.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
109 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The tryptophan catabolic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) has attracted enormous attention in driving cancer immunosuppression, neovascularization, and metastasis. IDO1 suppresses local CD8+ T effector cells and natural killer cells and induces CD4+ T regulatory cells (iTreg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). The structurally distinct enzyme tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO) also has been implicated recently in immune escape and metastatic progression. Lastly, emerging evidence suggests that the IDO1-related enzyme IDO2 may support IDO1-mediated iTreg and contribute to B-cell inflammed states in certain cancers. IDO1 and TDO are upregulated widely in neoplastic cells but also variably in stromal, endothelial, and innate immune cells of the tumor microenviroment and in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Pharmacological and genetic proofs in preclinical models of cancer have validated IDO1 as a cancer therapeutic target. IDO1 inhibitors have limited activity on their own but greatly enhance "immunogenic" chemotherapy or immune checkpoint drugs. IDO/TDO function is rooted in inflammatory programming, thereby influencing tumor neovascularization, MDSC generation, and metastasis beyond effects on adaptive immune tolerance. Discovery and development of two small molecule enzyme inhibitors of IDO1 have advanced furthest to date in Phase II/III human trials (epacadostat and navoximod, respectively). Indoximod, a tryptophan mimetic compound with a different mechanism of action in the IDO pathway has also advanced in multiple Phase II trials. Second generation combined IDO/TDO inhibitors may broaden impact in cancer treatment, for example, in addressing IDO1 bypass (inherent resistance) or acquired resistance to IDO1 inhibitors. This review surveys knowledge about IDO1 function and how IDO1 inhibitors reprogram inflammation to heighten therapeutic responses in cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.