ArticleMaternal & child nutrition2018
The effect of Baby-friendly status on exclusive breastfeeding in U.S. hospitals.
Article in Maternal & child nutrition, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hospital Formula Supplementation Postbreastfeeding Initiation, Neighborhood Economy, and Race.JAMA pediatrics · 2026Article
- The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative and Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding programs: applying the Non-adoption, Abandonment, Spread, Scale up, Sustainability (NASSS) health technology adoption framework to analyze challenges to hospital implementation in Australia and Indonesia.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Article
- Perceived barriers and facilitators to breast-feeding support practices in hospitals and birthing facilities in the USA.Public health nutrition · 2025Article
- Improving breastfeeding support through the implementation of the Baby-Friendly Hospital and Community Initiatives: a scoping review.International breastfeeding journal · 2023Article
- Enhancement of maternal-neonatal bonding during the COVID-19 pandemic: A quality improvement initiative.Journal of paediatrics and child health · 2022Article
- Association of hospital and community factors on the attainment of Baby-Friendly designation: A breastfeeding health promotion.Maternal & child nutrition · 2022Article
- Exclusive breastfeeding among women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
- Historical Antecedents of Breastfeeding for African American Women: from the Pre-Colonial Period to the Mid-Twentieth Century.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2020Review
- Assessment of Hospital Rooming-in Practice in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: A Cross-Sectional Multi-Center Study.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Infant Feeding Practices and Perceived Optimal Breastfeeding Interventions among Low-Income Women Delivering at a Baby-Friendly Hospital.American journal of perinatology · 2019Article
- Association of Maternity Care Practices and Policies with In-Hospital Exclusive Breastfeeding in the United States.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2019Article
- The effect of maternity practices on exclusive breastfeeding rates in U.S. hospitals.Maternal & child nutrition · 2019Article
- The effect of Baby-friendly status on exclusive breastfeeding in U.S. hospitals.Maternal & child nutrition · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In 2014, a leading hospital accreditation agency, mandated hospitals publicly report their exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates. This new regulation provided an opportunity to explore differences in EBF outcomes using a standardized definition across a large hospital sample in the United States. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between population demographics and the Baby-friendly (BF) hospital designation on EBF rates in hospitals throughout the United States. We obtained EBF rates from 121 BF hospitals and 1,608 hospitals without the BF designation. Demographic variables were computed using census tract data for the population surrounding each hospital. Relationships were explored using linear regression. We found that EBF rates were positively correlated with a bachelor's degree, log income, and those who identified as White or Asian and negatively correlated with those without college attendance, individuals living below the poverty line, and those who identified as African American or Hispanic. For all models, the BF designation of a hospital was associated with higher EBF rates (p < 0.01; effect sizes, 0.11-0.49) with the exception of the model containing log income. Using a multiple linear regression model that was allowed to contain more than one independent variable, we were able to explain 22% of the variability in EBF rates. The BF hospital designation was associated with significantly higher EBF rates independent of demographic variables. Support for hospitals to attain the BF hospital designation is a meaningful public health goal.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.