ArticleContraception2018
Simultaneous quantitation of multiple contraceptive hormones in human serum by LC-MS/MS.
Article in Contraception, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Injectable contraceptives differentially affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and amenorrhea incidence†.Biology of reproduction · 2026Trial
- Injectable Contraceptives Differentially Affect Select CD4+ HIV-1 Target Cells in the Genital Tract but Not Systemically: Implications for HIV-1 Acquisition.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2025Trial
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- Dose-finding study of a 90-day contraceptive vaginal ring releasing estradiol and segesterone acetate.Contraception · 2020Trial
- Oral contraceptives and menstrual cycle influence autonomic reflex function.Physiological reports · 2020Trial
- HIV incidence among women using intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, a copper intrauterine device, or a levonorgestrel implant for contraception: a randomised, multicentre, open-label trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2019Trial
- Sex Differences in the Effects of Etonogestrel on Respiratory Recovery in an In Vivo Rat Model of Central Chemoreflex Impairment.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Mass Spectral Analysis of Sterols and Other Steroids in Different Ionization Modes: Sensitivity and Oxidation Artifacts.Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2025Article
- Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Associations Between Doravirine-Containing Antiretroviral Therapy and Injectable and Implantable Hormonal Contraceptive Methods Among Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in South Africa.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Hormonal contraceptives during adolescence impact the female brain and behavior in a rat model.Hormones and behavior · 2025Article
- Impact of a short-term Western-style diet and hyperandrogenism on adult rhesus macaque ovarian function.F&S science · 2025Article
- Comparison of etonogestrel bioanalytical assay results in plasma and serum within and across laboratories.Contraception · 2025Article
- Comparison of assay methods for quantifying sex hormone concentrations across the menstrual cycle in rhesus macaques†.Biology of reproduction · 2024Article
- Genital epithelial barrier function is conserved by intravaginal rings releasing etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol.Tissue barriers · 2024Article
- Differential expression of HIV target cells CCR5 and α4β7 in tissue resident memory CD4 T cells in endocervix during the menstrual cycle of HIV seronegative women.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Changes in hair cortisol concentration in intrauterine device initiators: A prospective cohort study.Contraception · 2023Article
- Preliminary evidence of increased alcohol use associated with ethinyl estradiol levels in women using oral contraceptives.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Development and validation of a multiplexed assay for the measurement of long-acting hormonal contraceptives in plasma via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe objective was to develop a method to simultaneously quantify five commonly used hormonal contraceptives (HCs) and two endogenous sex steroids by liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and apply this method to human serum samples. STUDY
designWe developed a method to simultaneously analyze ethinyl estradiol (EE2), etonogestrel (ENG), levonorgestrel (LNG), medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and norethisterone (NET), along with estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), in human serum for a Shimadzu Nexera-LCMS-8050 LC-MS/MS platform. We analyzed serum collected from women self-reporting use of oral contraceptives, contraceptive implants or injectable contraceptives (n=14) and normally cycling women using no HC (n=15) as well as pooled samples from women administered various HCs (ENG, n=6; LNG, n=14; MPA, n=7; NET, n=5).
resultsLimits of quantitation were 0.010ng/mL for E2, EE2 and P4; 0.020ng/mL for ENG, LNG and MPA; and 0.040ng/mL for NET. Precisions for all assays, as indicated by coefficient of variation, were less than or equal to 12.1%. Accuracies for all assays were in the range of 95%-108%. Endogenous hormone values obtained from analysis of human serum samples are in agreement with levels previously reported in the literature for normally cycling women as well as for women taking the appropriate HC.
conclusionsWe have developed a robust, accurate and sensitive method for simultaneously analyzing commonly used contraceptive steroids and endogenous sex steroids in human serum. IMPLICATIONS: This analytical method can be used for quantitating contraceptive steroid levels in women for monitoring systemic exposure to determine drug interactions, nonadherence, misreporting and proper dosing.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.