ArticleThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2018
Characterizing Potential Risks of Fecal-Oral Microbial Transmission for Infants and Young Children in Rural Zambia.
Article in The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluating effectiveness of protective interventions towards environmental contamination among under-five children: systematic review and meta-analysis in Africa.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Measurement in the study of human exposure to animal feces: A systematic review and audit.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2023Pooled it
- A randomised controlled feasibility trial of a BabyWASH household playspace: The CAMPI study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Trial
- Ingestion of Fecal Bacteria along Multiple Pathways by Young Children in Rural Bangladesh Participating in a Cluster-Randomized Trial of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions (WASH Benefits).Environmental science & technology · 2020Trial
- Domestic animals and hygiene on infants' risk of contact and exposure to animal faeces in urban neighbourhoods in Kenya: A mixed methods cohort study.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Purchase, consumption, and ownership of chickens and chicken products among households in Maputo, Mozambique: A cross-sectional study.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2024Article
- Purchase, consumption, and ownership of chickens and chicken products among households in Maputo, Mozambique: A cross-sectional study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- The Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on the Gut-Brain Axis in Psychiatric Patients.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Review
- Ruminant-Related Risk Factors are Associated with Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Infection in Children in Southern Ghana.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2021Article
- Review
- Multi-Sectoral Participatory Design of a BabyWASH Playspace for Rural Ethiopian Households.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2021Article
- Microbial Indicators of Fecal Pollution: Recent Progress and Challenges in Assessing Water Quality.Current environmental health reports · 2020Review
- Practices and Perspectives on Latrine Use, Child Feces Disposal, and Clean Play Environments in Western Kenya.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Article
- Article
- Exposure to Livestock Feces and Water Quality, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Conditions among Caregivers and Young Children: Formative Research in Rural Burkina Faso.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2019Observational
- A localized sanitation status index as a proxy for fecal contamination in urban Maputo, Mozambique.PloS one · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Undernourished children in low-income contexts often suffer from environmental enteric disorder-damage to the intestines probably caused by chronic exposure to bacterial pathogens from feces. We aimed to identify strategies for reducing infants and young children's (IYC) exposure to human and animal feces in rural farming families by conducting direct observation of 30 caregiver-infant dyads for 143 hours and recording water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related behaviors to identify possible pathways of fecal-oral transmission of bacteria among IYC in rural Zambia. In addition to mouthing visibly dirty hands, toys, sibling's body parts, and food, 14 IYC actively ingested 6.1 ± 2.5 (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) pieces of soil and stones and one ingested animal feces 6.0 ± 0 times in the span of 5 hours. Ninety-three percent (21 of 30) of mothers reported observing the index-child eating soil and 17% (5 of 30) of mothers reported observing the index-child eating chicken feces. Adult and child handwashing was uncommon, and even though 70% (28 of 30) of households had access to a latrine, human feces were found in 67% of homestead yards. Most animals present in the household were un-corralled, and the highest observable counts of feces came from chickens, pigs, and cattle. To protect IYC in low-income communities from the exploratory ingestion of feces and soil, Baby WASH interventions will need to interrupt fecal-oral microbial transmission vectors specific to IYC with a focus on feasibility, caregiver practices, and local perceptions of risk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.