ReviewCell and tissue research2018
Earthworm coelomocyte extracellular traps: structural and functional similarities with neutrophil NETs.
Review in Cell and tissue research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Earthworm Coelomocytes and Coelomic Fluid: Innate Immunity, Toxicological Responses, and Research Applications.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- LumbriCyc: towards metabolic modelling of earthworms.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2026Article
- Frontier research on mechanisms of bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- The Protective Effect of Lithium Against Rotenone may be Evolutionarily Conserved: Evidence from Eisenia fetida, a Primitive Animal with a Ganglionic Brain.Neurochemical research · 2023Article
- Immune and Reproductive Biomarkers in Female Sea UrchinsBiomolecules · 2023Article
- Lipid metabolism and ageing in Caenorhabditis elegans: a complex interplay.Biogerontology · 2022Review
- Recent progress in the mechanistic understanding of NET formation in neutrophils.The FEBS journal · 2022Review
- Release of chromatin extracellular traps by phagocytes of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (Linnaeus, 1758).Fish & shellfish immunology · 2021Article
- Tick Immunobiology and Extracellular Traps: An Integrative Vision to Control of Vectors.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Hemocytes Release Extracellular Traps That Confer Protection Against Bacterial Infection in the Hemocoel.Journal of insect science (Online) · 2021Article
- Evolution of Cellular Immunity Effector Cells; Perspective on Cytotoxic and Phagocytic Cellular Lineages.Cells · 2021Review
- Arginase Activity inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Review
- Multiple Origins of Extracellular DNA Traps.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Evolution and function of interleukin-4 receptor signaling in adaptive immunity and neutrophils.Genes and immunity · 2020Review
- Cadmium-Related Effects on Cellular Immunity Comprises Altered Metabolism in Earthworm Coelomocytes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Invertebrate immunity is associated with natural mechanisms that include cellular and humoral elements, similar to those that play a role in vertebrate innate immune responses. Formation of extracellular traps (ETs) is a newly discovered mechanism to combat pathogens, operating not only in vertebrate leucocytes but also in invertebrate immune cells. The ET components include extracellular DNA (exDNA), antimicrobial proteins and histones. Formation of mammalian ETs depends on enzymes such as neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, the citrullination of histones and protease activity. It was confirmed that coelomocytes-immunocompetent cells of the earthworm Eisenia andrei-are also able to release ETs in a protease-dependent manner, dependent or independent of the formation of reactive oxygen species and rearrangement of the cell cytoskeleton. Similar to vertebrate leukocytes (e.g., neutrophil), coelomocytes are responsible for many immune functions like phagocytosis, cytotoxicity and secretion of humoral factors. ETs formed by coelomocyte analogues to neutrophil ETs consist of exDNA, histone H3 and attached to these structures proteins, e.g., heat shock proteins HSP27. The latter fact confirms that mechanisms of ET release are conserved in evolution. The study on Annelida adds this animal group to the list of invertebrates capable of ET release, but most importantly provides insides into innate mechanisms of ET formation in lower animal taxa.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.