ReviewFrontiers in oncology2018
Oncogenic Viruses and Breast Cancer: Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV), Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV).
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 339 citations in OpenAlex.
- An updated systemic review and meta-analysis on human papillomavirus in breast carcinogenesis.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Pooled it
- Vitamins as modulators of Deltaretrovirus infection: implications for HTLV-1 and bovine leukemia virus-associated diseases.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Development and validation of a quantitative pcr array assay for the detection of viral sequences in breast cancer.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2026Article
- Absence of high-risk human papillomavirus in breast cancer tissues from young BRCA1/BRCA2-negative women.BMC women's health · 2026Article
- Can Oncogenic Animal Viruses Pose a Threat to Humans?Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Pharmacological Prevention in Breast Cancer: Current Evidence, Challenges, and Future Directions.Cancers · 2025Review
- Article
- Bovine Leukemia Virus and Human Breast Cancer: A Review of Clinical and Molecular Evidence.Viruses · 2025Review
- Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Breast Cancer: A Literature Review of Clinical and Experimental Data.Biology · 2025Review
- Molecular Mechanism of Breast Cancer and Predisposition of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Propagation Cycle.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Detection ofInfection and drug resistance · 2025Article
- The association between infectious agents and breast cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2024Review
- Mechanistic insight and structure activity relationship of isatin-based derivatives in development of anti-breast cancer agents.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2024Review
- Prevalence of BK and JC Polyomaviruses among Patients with Breast Cancer.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2024Article
- The Global Epidemiology of Bovine Leukemia Virus: Current Trends and Future Implications.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Review
- Non-Response of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Breast Cancer after Primary Chemotherapy: Report of Two Cases.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Exploring the link between viruses and cancer in companion animals: a comprehensive and comparative analysis.Infectious agents and cancer · 2023Review
- Prevalence of Polyomaviruses and Herpesviruses in Moroccan Breast Cancer.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Epstein-Barr Viral Infection and the Risk for Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review.International journal of hematology-oncology and stem cell research · 2023Review
- Tumor resident, TRA anti-viral CDR3 chemical sequence motifs are associated with a better breast cancer outcome.Genes and immunity · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough the risk factors for breast cancer are well established, namely female gender, early menarche and late menopause plus the protective influence of early pregnancy, the underlying causes of breast cancer remain unknown. The development of substantial recent evidence indicates that a handful of viruses may have a role in breast cancer. These viruses are mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), bovine leukemia virus (BLV), human papilloma viruses (HPVs), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV-also known as human herpes virus type 4). Each of these viruses has documented oncogenic potential. The aim of this review is to inform the scientific and general community about this recent evidence. THE EVIDENCE: MMTV and human breast cancer-the evidence is detailed and comprehensive but cannot be regarded as conclusive. BLV and human breast cancer-the evidence is limited. However, in view of the emerging information about BLV in human breast cancer, it is prudent to encourage the elimination of BLV in cattle, particularly in the dairy industry. HPVs and breast cancer-the evidence is substantial but not conclusive. The availability of effective preventive vaccines is a major advantage and their use should be encouraged. EBV and breast cancer-the evidence is also substantial but not conclusive. Currently, there are no practical means of either prevention or treatment. Although there is evidence of genetic predisposition, and cancer in general is a culmination of events, there is no evidence that inherited genetic traits are causal.
conclusionThe influence of oncogenic viruses is currently the major plausible hypothesis for a direct cause of human breast cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.