ReviewBulletin of the World Health Organization2018
Antibiotic distribution channels in Thailand: results of key-informant interviews, reviews of drug regulations and database searches.
Review in Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed.
- Rapid detection of antibiotic resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- An Overview of the Recent Advances in Antimicrobial Resistance.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Article
- Understanding antibiotic use in the community setting in Thailand: Does communication matter?PloS one · 2024Article
- Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Thai Dairy Farmers on the Use of Antibiotics.Veterinary medicine international · 2024Article
- The unseen use of antimicrobials: Drivers of human antibiotic use in a community in Thailand and implications for surveillance.Global public health · 2024Article
- Community drug retail outlet staff's knowledge, attitudes and practices towards non-prescription antibiotics use and antibiotic resistance in the Amhara region, Ethiopia with a focus on non-urban towns.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2022Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Community Pharmacists' Perspective in Thailand: A Mixed Methods Survey Using Appreciative Inquiry Theory.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Occurrence of Antibiotic-ResistantInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- How Socioeconomic, Health Seeking Behaviours, and Educational Factors Are Affecting the Knowledge and Use of Antibiotics in Four Different Cities in Asia.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Mapping the Antimicrobial Supply Chain in Bangladesh: A Scoping-Review-Based Ecological Assessment Approach.Global health, science and practice · 2021Article
- Antimicrobial Use in Animals in Timor-Leste Based on Veterinary Antimicrobial Imports between 2016 and 2019.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Are We Making the Most of Community Pharmacies? Implementation of Antimicrobial Stewardship Measures in Community Pharmacies: A Narrative Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- "AMR Dialogues": a public engagement initiative to shape policies and solutions on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Thailand.Wellcome open research · 2021Article
- Exploring the Antibiotic Resistance Burden in Livestock, Livestock Handlers and Their Non-Livestock Handling Contacts: A One Health Perspective.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Emergence of Multi-Drug Resistance and Its Association With Uncommon Serotypes ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance, Pharmacists, and Appreciative Inquiry: Development of a Novel Measurement Tool.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Reply to Watt.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Exploring the Socioeconomic Importance of Antimicrobial Use in the Small-Scale Pig Sector in Vietnam.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo analyse how antibiotics are imported, manufactured, distributed and regulated in Thailand.
methodsWe gathered information, on antibiotic distribution in Thailand, in in-depth interviews - with 43 key informants from farms, health facilities, pharmaceutical and animal feed industries, private pharmacies and regulators- and in database and literature searches.
findingsIn 2016-2017, licensed antibiotic distribution in Thailand involves over 700 importers and about 24 000 distributors - e.g. retail pharmacies and wholesalers. Thailand imports antibiotics and active pharmaceutical ingredients. There is no system for monitoring the distribution of active ingredients, some of which are used directly on farms, without being processed. Most antibiotics can be bought from pharmacies, for home or farm use, without a prescription. Although the 1987 Drug Act classified most antibiotics as "dangerous drugs", it only classified a few of them as prescription-only medicines and placed no restrictions on the quantities of antibiotics that could be sold to any individual. Pharmacists working in pharmacies are covered by some of the Act's regulations, but the quality of their dispensing and prescribing appears to be largely reliant on their competences.
conclusionIn Thailand, most antibiotics are easily and widely available from retail pharmacies, without a prescription. If the inappropriate use of active pharmaceutical ingredients and antibiotics is to be reduced, we need to reclassify and restrict access to certain antibiotics and to develop systems to audit the dispensing of antibiotics in the retail sector and track the movements of active ingredients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.