Trial reportThe Journal of pediatrics2018
Infant Iron Deficiency and Iron Supplementation Predict Adolescent Internalizing, Externalizing, and Social Problems.
Trial report in The Journal of pediatrics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neurodevelopmental Impairments as Long-term Effects of Iron Deficiency in Early Childhood: A Systematic ReviewBalkan medical journal · 2025Pooled it
- Neurobehavioral Outcomes at 10 Years of Age following Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping: A Follow-Up Study after a Randomized Trial.Neonatology · 2025Trial
- Young adult outcomes associated with lower cognitive functioning in childhood related to iron-fortified formula in infancy.Nutritional neuroscience · 2022Trial
- Multifactorial nutritional and metabolic risk profiles for behavioral outcomes in Chinese children: a cross-sectional study at a Health Management Center using explainable machine learning and principal component analysis.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Novel Erythroid Indices Have Better Prognostic Accuracy than Conventional Erythroid Indices for Early Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency and Associated Brain Metabolomic Changes in Nonhuman Primate Infants.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- IronDeficiency Across Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Comparative Insights from ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Predicting Childhood Anaemia in Nigeria: A Machine Learning Approach to Uncover Key Risk Factors.Public health challenges · 2025Article
- Early life stress and iron metabolism in developmental psychoneuroimmunology.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Brain Iron Homeostasis and Mental Disorders.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Early-life adversity is associated with poor iron status in infancy.Development and psychopathology · 2023Article
- Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent has Comparable Predictive Accuracy as Conventional Serum Iron Indices for Predicting Iron Deficiency and Anemia in a Nonhuman Primate model of Infantile Iron Deficiency.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Iron status, development, and behavior in young children in the Pennsylvania foster care system.PloS one · 2023Article
- Article
- Quantitative susceptibility mapping shows lower brain iron content in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.Human brain mapping · 2022Article
- Article
- Review
- Association of Iron-Deficiency Anemia and Non-Iron-Deficiency Anemia with Neurobehavioral Development in Children Aged 6-24 Months.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Associations Among Household Chaos, School Belonging and Risk Behaviors in Adolescents.The journal of primary prevention · 2020Article
- Adolescent Internalizing, Externalizing, and Social Problems Following Iron Deficiency at 12-18 Months: The Role of Maternal Responsiveness.Child development · 2020Article
- Patterns of Dietary Iron Intake, Iron Status, and Predictors of Haemoglobin Levels among Early Adolescents in a Rural Ghanaian District.Journal of nutrition and metabolism · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate associations between iron supplementation and iron deficiency in infancy and internalizing, externalizing, and social problems in adolescence. STUDY
designThe study is a follow-up of infants as adolescents from working-class communities around Santiago, Chile who participated in a preventive trial of iron supplementation at 6 months of age. Inclusionary criteria included birth weight ≥3.0 kg, healthy singleton term birth, vaginal delivery, and a stable caregiver. Iron status was assessed at 12 and 18 months of age. At 11-17 years of age, internalizing, externalizing, and social problems were reported by 1018 adolescents with the Youth Self Report and by parents with the Child Behavior Checklist.
resultsAdolescents who received iron supplementation in infancy had greater self-reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder but lower parent-reported conduct disorder symptoms than those who did not (Ps < .05). Iron deficiency with or without anemia at 12 or 18 months of age predicted greater adolescent behavior problems compared with iron sufficiency: more adolescent-reported anxiety and social problems, and parent-reported social, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant, conduct, aggression, and rule breaking problems (Ps < .05). The threshold was iron deficiency with or without anemia for each of these outcomes.
conclusionsIron deficiency with or without anemia in infancy was associated with increased internalizing, externalizing, and social problems in adolescence.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.