ArticleRetina (Philadelphia, Pa.)2019
SYSTEMIC BETA-BLOCKERS AND RISK OF PROGRESSION TO NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION.
Article in Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of progression in intermediate age-related macular degeneration among patients using systemic beta-blockers.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2025Article
- A promising case of preclinical-clinical translation: β-adrenoceptor blockade from the oxygen-induced retinopathy model to retinopathy of prematurity.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Review
- Review
- Association of Ocular Antihypertensive Medications and the Development and Progression of Age-related Macular Degeneration in a U.S. Insurance Claims Database.Current eye research · 2021Article
- Treatment Course of Patients with Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using Ocular Hypotensives.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Article
- Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Are Necessary for Beta-Adrenergic Receptor-Driven Choroidal Neovascularization Inhibition.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2019Article
- Techniques for improving ophthalmic studies performed on administrative databases.Ophthalmic epidemiology · 2019Article
- Use of β‑blockers and risk of age‑related macular degeneration among hypertensive patients: An insight from The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Medicine internationalArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo determine whether oral beta-blockers (BBs) are associated with the development of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).
methodsRetrospective cohort study of patients from 2000 to 2014 using data from a large national U.S. insurer's administrative medical claims database. Patients with nonexudative AMD who initiated (index date) BB, a calcium channel blocker (CCB), an angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin receptor blocker, or a diuretic. Patients were excluded for <2 years in the plan before the index date, any history of nAMD or diagnosis, or treatment for an ocular disease that could be confused with nAMD. Hazard of developing of nAMD was the main outcome measure. Primary analysis compared BB with CCB patients with BB versus the other classes as secondary analyses. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed between BB and CCB cohorts using 1:1 propensity score matching. Cox proportional hazard regression was performed to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of developing nAMD at 90, 180, and 365 days for BB. Covariates of interest included demographic information, year of index date, number of antihypertensive medications, and other comorbid systemic conditions.
resultsEighteen thousand seven hundred and fifty-four BB patients and 12,784 CCB patients met criteria for inclusion. After controlling for covariates, patients on BB had a lower hazard for nAMD at both 90 and 180 days than patients on CCB (HRs: 0.67-0.71; P < 0.01 for both) and diuretics (HRs: 0.55-0.62; P < 0.01). Patients on BB versus angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin receptor blocker at all time points and BB versus CCB and diuretics at 365 days did not have a significantly lower association with nAMD (HR: 0.73-0.85; P > 0.06 for all comparisons). A sensitivity analysis using propensity score matching yielded similar results with patients on BB significantly less likely to develop nAMD at 90 and 180 days (HR: 0.70-0.76; P < 0.049 for both) but not at 365 days (HR: 0.88; P = 0.30) compared with patients on CCB.
conclusionNo evidence was found that BB usage increased the hazard for nAMD relative to other antihypertensive medications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.