Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29388315›Full record

ArticleJournal of applied microbiology2018

Microbiological survey of commercial tattoo and permanent makeup inks available in the United States.

S W Nho, S-J Kim, O Kweon, P C Howard, M S Moon, N K Sadrieh, C E Cerniglia

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of applied microbiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
20.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.

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  14. Microbiological Safety of Non-Food Products: What Can We Learn from the RAPEX Database?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

S W NhoDivision of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA.
S-J KimDivision of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA.
O KweonDivision of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA.
P C HowardOffice of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA.
M S MoonOffice of Cosmetics and Colors, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US FDA, College Park, MD, USA.
N K SadriehOffice of Cosmetics and Colors, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US FDA, College Park, MD, USA.
C E CernigliaDivision of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA.
National Center for Toxicological Research · USCenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition · US

Funding

Intramural FDA HHS FD999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsTattooing and use of permanent makeup (PMU) has dramatically increased over the last decade, with a concomitant increase in ink-related infections. The aim of this study was to determine whether micro-organisms are present, and if so, the number and their identification in the commercial tattoo and PMU inks available in the United States. METHODS AND

resultsWe surveyed 85 unopened tattoo and PMU inks, purchased from 13 companies. We incubated 100 μl of ink samples on trypticase soy agar plates for bacterial growth, 7H10 Middlebrook medium for mycobacterial growth, and Sabouraud dextrose medium for fungal growth. In total, 42 inks were contaminated with micro-organisms (49%). Thirty-three inks were contaminated with bacteria, 2 inks with fungi, and 7 inks had both bacterial and fungal growth. Mycobacteria were not detected in any of the examined tattoo and PMU inks. In 26 inks, microbial concentrations ranged between 10

conclusionsThe results indicate that commercial tattoo and PMU inks on the US market surveyed in this study contain a wide range of micro-organisms, including pathogenic bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Microbial contaminants in tattoo and PMU inks are an emerging safety concern for public health. This study provides evidence that microbial contamination of tattoo and PMU inks available in the United States is more common than previously thought and highlights the importance of monitoring these products for potentially pathogenic micro-organisms.

Indexed as

CosmeticsInkSurveys and QuestionnairesBacteriaFungiHumansTattooingUnited StatesCosmeticsidentification of bacteriamicrobial contaminationmicrobiological surveypathogenic bacteriapermanent makeup inktattoo inkUS market

Identifiers

PMID29388315
PMCPMC8601000
OpenAlexW2791251288

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.