ArticleEuropean journal of epidemiology2018
Smoking and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in a Swedish population-based case-control study.
Article in European journal of epidemiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 125 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis identifies the major impact of patient classification on the ACPA association with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD).Arthritis research & therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Long-Term Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Population-Based Matched Cohort Study.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- Increasing proportion and more favourable outcomes of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis: analysis of the IORRA cohort from 2000 to 2021.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Cigarette smoking and risk of undifferentiated peripheral inflammatory arthritis: a propensity score matching analysis.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Comparative disease burden and trends of autoimmune diseases in China and G20 countries: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2023.Immunologic research · 2026Article
- Lipid metabolism at the intersection of rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Innovative Therapeutic Advancements.Current pharmaceutical design · 2026Review
- In utero and early life exposures to smoking are associated with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2025Observational
- Cigarette Smoking: A Modifiable Environmental Factor in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis.JMA journal · 2025Review
- Environmental and Lifestyle Factors in the Risk and Prevention of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Narrative Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- Nicotine, Alcohol Consumption, and Risk of Myasthenia Gravis: Results From the Swedish Nationwide GEMG Study.Neurology · 2025Article
- Global, regional and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis from 1990 to 2021, with projections of incidence to 2050: a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2021.Biomarker research · 2025Article
- The Lung in Rheumatoid Arthritis-Friend or Enemy?International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Association between secondhand smoke exposure and rheumatoid arthritis in US never-smoking adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Smoking and osteoimmunology: Understanding the interplay between bone metabolism and immune homeostasis.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2024Review
- Association between oxidative balance score and rheumatoid arthritis in female: a cross-sectional study.BMC women's health · 2024Observational
- Exosomal Osteoclast-Derived miRNA in Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Their Pathogenesis in Bone Erosion to New Therapeutic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- High Humidity Alters Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Spleen Tissue: Insights into Rheumatoid Arthritis Progression.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Tailoring Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment through a Sex and Gender Lens.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Smoking is one of the most established risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to estimate how age at smoking debut, smoking cessation, duration, intensity, and cumulative dose of smoking influence the risk of developing anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) positive and ACPA negative RA. The present report is based on a Swedish population-based, case-control study with incident cases of RA (3655 cases, 5883 matched controls). Using logistic regression models, subjects with different smoking habits were compared regarding risk of developing the two variants of RA, by calculating odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Smoking increased the risk of developing both ACPA positive (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.7-2.1) and ACPA negative RA (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2-1.5). For both subsets of RA, there seemed to be a threshold (~ 2.5 pack years for ACPA positive RA and ~ 5 pack years for ACPA negative RA) below which no association between smoking and RA occurred. A dose-response association was observed between cumulative dose of smoking and risk of developing ACPA positive RA (p value for trend < 0.0001). Duration of smoking had a higher influence on the association between smoking and RA than did intensity of smoking. For both subsets of RA, the detrimental effect of smoking decreased after smoking cessation. Twenty years after smoking cessation, there was no longer an association between smoking and risk of ACPA negative RA, whereas the association between smoking and ACPA positive RA risk persisted and was dependent on the cumulative dose of smoking. Smoking increases the risk of both subsets of RA with a more pronounced influence on the risk of ACPA positive RA. Preventive measures in order to reduce smoking are essential and may result in a decline in RA incidence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.