ReviewFrontiers in neurology2017
Neuroprosthetics for Auricular Muscles: Neural Networks and Clinical Aspects.
Review in Frontiers in neurology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Myoarthropathic Symptoms Associated With Temporomandibular Disorders-A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial.Journal of oral rehabilitation · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Transcutaneous Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation Against Fatigue Syndrome in Patients with Long COVID: Results of the Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Pilot Trial COVIVA.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- Article
- Transcutaneous Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of the Fatigue Syndrome in Patients with Primary CNS Lymphoma - A Protocol for a Randomized and Controlled Single Center Clinical Trial.Advances in therapy · 2025Article
- Article
- Electromyographic correlates of effortful listening in the vestigial auriculomotor system.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- Article
- Atavistic and vestigial anatomical structures in the head, neck, and spine: an overview.Anatomical science international · 2023Review
- Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation on the fatigue syndrome in patients with gastrointestinal cancers - FATIVA: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study protocol.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2023Article
- Machine-Learning-Based Detecting of Eyelid Closure and Smiling Using Surface Electromyography of Auricular Muscles in Patients with Postparalytic Facial Synkinesis: A Feasibility Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Human-machine interface for two-dimensional steering control with the auricular muscles.Frontiers in neurorobotics · 2023Article
- The Anatomical Specificity Between Acupoints and the Facial Nerve: A Cadaveric Study.Medical acupuncture · 2022Article
- Electromyography of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Ear Muscles in Healthy Probands and Patients with Unilateral Postparalytic Facial Synkinesis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Auricular Acupressure Combined with Self-Help Intervention for Treating Chronic Tinnitus: A Longitudinal Observational Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Successful Treatment of Auricular Dystonia by Unilateral Pallidothalamic Tractotomy.Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Oculo-Auricular Synkinesia Post Bell's Palsy Causing Unilateral Wilson's Phenomenon.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2020Article
- International Consensus Based Review and Recommendations for Minimum Reporting Standards in Research on Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (Version 2020).Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2020Review
- Concerning Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation: Occult Neural Networks.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2019Article
- Cortical representation of auricular muscles in humans: A robot-controlled TMS mapping and fMRI study.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The mammalian external ear houses extrinsic and intrinsic auricular muscles. There are three extrinsic auricular muscles-the posterior, superior, and anterior auricular muscles-and six intrinsic muscles-the helicis major and minor, tragicus, anti-tragicus, transverse and oblique muscles. These muscles have been considered vestigial in humans. However, numerous therapeutic and diagnostic wearable devices are designed to monitor and alleviate the symptoms of neurological disorders, brainstem injuries, emotional states, and auditory functions, by making use of the neural networks of the auricular muscles and their locations, which are easily accessible for ergonomic wearable biomedical devices. They can also serve as a bio-controller of human neuroprosthetics. The functionality of these auricular muscles remains elusive and requires further experimentation for a more in-depth understanding of their anatomy. The aims of this review are (1) to provide a detailed account of the neural networks of the extrinsic and intrinsic auricular muscles, (2) to describe diagnostic and therapeutic functions of these muscles as demonstrated in the current literature, and (3) to outline existing and potential neuroprosthetic applications making use of the auricular muscles and their neural networks.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.