ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2018
Anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4 efficacy in melanoma brain metastases depends on extracranial disease and augmentation of CD8
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 148 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
148 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 197 citations in OpenAlex.
- Brain metastases and immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2022Pooled it
- Association of Brain Metastases With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Efficacy in Advanced Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Pooled it
- The Effect of Asymptomatic and/or Treated Brain Metastases on Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- Pembrolizumab in brain metastases of diverse histologies: phase 2 trial results.Nature medicine · 2023Trial
- Phase II study of ipilimumab and nivolumab in leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.Nature communications · 2021Trial
- Review
- Anti-PD-1 plus anti-CTLA-4 blockade overcomes immune exclusion in NSCLC brain metastases by enhancing CD8Nature communications · 2026Article
- PD-1 Blockade-Induced DKK1 Expression by CD8+ T Cells Promotes Blood-Brain Barrier Permeabilization.Cancer discovery · 2026Article
- Peripheral vaccination-induced brain-resident memory CD8+ T cells durably protect mice against intracranial malignancy.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Uncovering the Intricate and Heterogeneous Cellular Microenvironment of Cutaneous Melanoma.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Review
- Crosstalk in the brain tumor microenvironment: mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, and clinical advances.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- PD-1 inhibitor combined with chemoradiotherapy in two cases of ovarian cancer brain metastases: a case report.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Dual implication of endothelial adhesion molecules in tumor progression and cancer immunity.Cell adhesion & migration · 2025Review
- Identification of the immune subtypes associated with the prognosis and immunotherapy of metastatic melanoma.Translational cancer research · 2025Article
- Upregulated BAP31 Links to Poor Prognosis and Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- CCL2 blockade combined with PD-1/P-selectin immunomodulators impedes breast cancer brain metastasis.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2025Article
- NK cells link immune-checkpoint blockade immunotherapy and response in melanoma brain metastases.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- The research progress on meningeal metastasis in solid tumors.Discover oncology · 2025Review
88 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Inhibition of immune checkpoints programmed death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) on T cells results in durable antitumor activity in melanoma patients. Despite high frequency of melanoma brain metastases (BrM) and associated poor prognosis, the activity and mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in metastatic tumors that develop within the "immune specialized" brain microenvironment, remain elusive. We established a melanoma tumor transplantation model with intracranial plus extracranial (subcutaneous) tumor, mimicking the clinically observed coexistence of metastases inside and outside the brain. Strikingly, intracranial ICI efficacy was observed only when extracranial tumor was present. Extracranial tumor was also required for ICI-induced increase in CD8
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.