ArticlePsychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)2018
Identifying Recipients of Electroconvulsive Therapy: Data From Privately Insured Americans.
Article in Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacological and somatic treatment effects on suicide in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Depression and anxiety · 2022Pooled it
- Comparative efficacy and cognitive function of magnetic seizure therapy vs. electroconvulsive therapy for major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Safety of MST in clinical application: a systematic review of randomized controlled studies.Frontiers in neurologyPooled it
- Electroconvulsive therapy induces rapid microstructural and macrostructural changes, but microstructural changes are longer-lasting.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Trial
- Optimal Treatment of Magnetic Seizure Therapy (MST) in Patients with Clozapine-Resistant Schizophrenia (CRS).Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2025Trial
- Magnetic Seizure Therapy for Suicidality in Treatment-Resistant Depression.JAMA network open · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Correlates of Implantable Port Placement in Patients Receiving Electroconvulsive Therapy.The journal of ECT · 2026Article
- Confirmatory efficacy and safety trial of magnetic seizure therapy versus right unilateral ultra-brief electroconvulsive therapy in depression (CREST-MST): a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial in Canada and the USA.The lancet. Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Review and Update of Anesthetic Management for Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Narrative Review.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Review
- Electroconvulsive therapy and autobiographical memory.Psychiatry, psychology, and law : an interdisciplinary journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law · 2026Article
- Psilocybin-assisted therapy for treatment-resistant depression in the US: a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Changes in ECT services in India since the implementation of its mental health care act 2017: a clinician's perspective.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Ketamine Versus Electroconvulsive Therapy for the Treatment of Depression: A Guide for Clinicians.Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing) · 2025Article
- Gender Representation in the ECT Workforce in the United States From 2013 to 2021: A Medicare Physician Data Analysis.The journal of ECT · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of magnetic seizure therapy versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depressive episode in China: protocol for a double-blind, randomized, non-inferiority trial.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Electroconvulsive Therapy and Brain Network Reorganization: Dynamic Connectivity Insights and Implications for the Treatment of Depression and Suicidal Ideation.Biological psychiatry · 2024Article
- Electroconvulsive therapy and cognitive performance from the Global ECT MRI Research Collaboration.Journal of psychiatric research · 2024Article
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and Psychiatric rehospitalization rates: a retrospective study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Defining a Neurostimulation-Focused Subspecialty: Perspectives Inspired by a Debate at the 2023 Clinical TMS Society Annual Meeting.Academic psychiatry : the journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveDespite the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), limited epidemiologic research has been conducted to identify rates of ECT use and characteristics of patients who receive ECT. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with ECT use were examined among patients with mood disorders in the MarketScan commercial insurance claims database.
methodsAmong individuals with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of those who received ECT and those who did not were compared by using bivariate effect size comparisons and multivariate logistic regression.
resultsAmong unique individuals in the 2014 MarketScan database (N=47,258,528), the ECT utilization rate was 5.56 ECT patients per 100,000 in the population. Of the 969,277 patients with a mood disorder, 2,471 (.25%) received ECT. Those who received ECT had substantially higher rates of additional comorbid psychiatric disorders (risk ratio [RR]=5.70 for any additional psychiatric disorder), numbers of prescription fills for any psychotropic medication (Cohen's d=.77), rates of any substance use disorder (RR=1.97), and total outpatient psychotherapy visits (Cohen's d=.49). The proportion of patients with a mood disorder who received ECT in the West (.19%) was substantially lower than in other U.S. regions (.28%). This difference was almost entirely accounted for by one western state comprising 59.1% of patients in that region.
conclusionsUse of ECT is exceptionally uncommon and limited to patients with extensive multimorbidity and high levels of service use. ECT utilization is most limited in areas of the country where regulatory restrictions are greatest.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.