ArticlePloS one2018
Anti-influenza A virus activity of rhein through regulating oxidative stress, TLR4, Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB signal pathways.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rhein alleviates acute pancreatitis by inhibiting TMAO-mediated inflammatory signaling pathways and reducing acinar cell injury.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- In Silico Modeling of Structural Compatibility and Alignment Between Viral Class I Fusion Cores and Human TLR4/MD-2.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Biomimetic hybrid membrane-coated nanoparticles loaded with rhein-iron complex enhance ferroptosis and immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Review
- A Focus on Natural Autophagy Modulators as Potential Host-Directed Weapons Against Emerging and Re-Emerging Viruses.Medicinal research reviews · 2025Review
- Mechanistic insights into the multi-target anti-atherosclerotic actions of rhubarb: a traditional remedy revisited.Chinese medicine · 2025Review
- Traditional Chinese Medicine for Viral Pneumonia Therapy: Pharmacological Basis and Mechanistic Insights.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Phosphorylation Modifications and Their Role in Viral Pneumonia: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Review
- Therapeutic potential of a rhein-loaded self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system in ameliorating LPS-induced depression: mechanistic insights and behavioral outcomes.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Rhein: An Updated Review Concerning Its Biological Activity, Pharmacokinetics, Structure Optimization, and Future Pharmaceutical Applications.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Role of the transcription factor NRF2 in maintaining the integrity of the Blood-Brain Barrier.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2024Review
- Diacerein reduces inflammasome activation and SARS-CoV-2 virus replication: a proof-of-concept translational study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Rhein suppresses African swine fever virus replication in vitro via activating the caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.Virus research · 2023Article
- The shape-dependent inhibitory effect of rhein/silver nanocomposites on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.Discover nano · 2023Article
- Quinones as Promising Compounds against Respiratory Viruses: A Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Research progress of NF-κB signaling pathway and thrombosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Natural products target glycolysis in liver disease.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Research progress on the effect of traditional Chinese medicine on the activation of PRRs-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway to inhibit influenza pneumonia.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Melatonin: Regulation of Viral Phase Separation and Epitranscriptomics in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Identification of Alkaloids fromChemistrySelect · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rhein, an anthraquinone compound existing in many traditional herbal medicines, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective activities, but its anti-influenza A virus (IAV) activity is ambiguous. In the present study, through plaque inhibition assay, time-of-addition assay, antioxidant assay, qRT-PCR, ELISA, and western blotting assays, we investigated the anti-IAV effect and mechanism of action of rhein in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that rhein could significantly inhibit IAV adsorption and replication, decrease IAV-induced oxidative stress, activations of TLR4, Akt, p38, JNK MAPK, and NF-κB pathways, and production of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in vitro. Oxidant H2O2 and agonists of TLR4, Akt, p38/JNK and IKK/NF-κB could significantly antagonize the inhibitory effects of rhein on IAV-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and IAV replication. Through an in vivo test in mice, we also found that rhein could significantly improve the survival rate, lung index, pulmonary cytokines, and pulmonary histopathological changes. Rhein also significantly decreased pulmonary viral load at a high dose. In conclusion, rhein can inhibit IAV adsorption and replication, and the mechanism of action to inhibit IAV replication may be due to its ability to suppress IAV-induced oxidative stress and activations of TLR4, Akt, p38, JNK MAPK, and NF-κB signal pathways.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.