ReviewMolecular neurobiology2018
Expected Paradigm Shift in Brain Metastases Therapy-Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.
Review in Molecular neurobiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Brain Metastases Status and Immunotherapy Efficacy in Advanced Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Investigation ofTurkish journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2024Article
- The efficiency and safety of temozolomide and PD-1/L1 inhibitors in pretreated NSCLC with brain metastasis: a retrospective cohort.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2024Article
- PD-1 Coexpression Gene Analysis and the Regulatory Network in Endometrial Cancer Based on Bioinformatics Analysis.BioMed research international · 2021Article
- Brain Metastases from Ovarian Cancer: Current Evidence in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis.Cancers · 2020Review
- Concordance of PD-L1 expression and CD8+ TIL intensity between NSCLC and synchronous brain metastases.Bosnian journal of basic medical sciences · 2020Article
- Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy for Brain Metastases in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Primer for Radiologists.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2020Review
- Use of Programmed Death Receptor-1 and/or Programmed Death Ligand 1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Brain Metastasis of Lung Cancer.OncoTargets and therapy · 2020Review
- Low-frequency HIFU induced cancer immunotherapy: tempting challenges and potential opportunities.Cancer biology & medicine · 2019Article
- Immunomodulatory Drugs in Melanoma Brain Metastases.Discoveries (Craiova, Romania) · 2019Review
- Pembrolizumab for non-small cell lung cancer with central nervous system metastases: A two-case report.Thoracic cancer · 2019Article
- Biomarkers for predicting efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.Molecular cancer · 2018Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Treatment of Central Nervous System (CNS) Metastatic Disease.Frontiers in oncology · 2018Review
- Immunotherapy as a Turning Point in the Treatment of Melanoma Brain Metastases.Discoveries (Craiova, Romania)Review
- Current Clinical Progress of PD-1/PD-L1 Immunotherapy and Potential Combination Treatment in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Integrative cancer therapiesReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Brain metastasis (BM) is one of the dreadful complications of malignancies. The prognosis after BM is extremely poor and life expectancy is meager. Currently, our treatment modalities are limited to radiotherapy and surgical resection, which also has poor outcomes and leads to various neurological deficits and affects the quality of life of patients. New treatment modality, i.e., immune checkpoint inhibitors, has brought revolution in management of melanoma, renal cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Immune checkpoint inhibitors basically enhance the immune response of the body to fight against cancers. Immune response in the brain is highly regulated; therefore, it is challenging to use immune-modulator drugs in BM. The microenvironment of BM is rich in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and which is the target of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Few studies have shown some hope regarding use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in management of BM. It works through inhibiting immune check point gates, i.e., CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein) and PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed cell death protein-1/program death ligand-1). This article explains the basic mechanism of immune check point inhibitors, rationale behind their usage in BM, and some of the clinical studies which have shown the efficacy of immune check point inhibitors in BM.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.