ArticlePloS one2018
Socioeconomic differences in smoking in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine: A cross-sectional analysis of national surveys.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed.
- Diabetes Burden in the Middle East and North Africa Region, 1990-2023: An Ecological Time-Trend Analysis of GBD Estimates.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Cancer Patterns and Barriers to Care Among Socioeconomically Vulnerable Populations in Tripoli: A Descriptive Study from a Local NGO.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sociodemographic determinants of smoking among Jordanian men : insights from the 2023 demographic and health survey.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2026Article
- Predictors of Tobacco Use Behaviors Among Syrian Americans.Tobacco use insights · 2026Article
- Prevalence and determinants of tobacco use among university students in Lebanon: Implications for smoke-free campus policies.PloS one · 2026Article
- Prevalence and predictors of active and passive smoking in Saudi Arabia: A survey among attendees of primary healthcare centers in Riyadh.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- Male adolescents' (Aged 15-24 years) smoking habit and its determinant: analysis of Indonesia demographic and health survey data, 2017.African health sciences · 2024Article
- Systemic Barriers to Optimal Cancer Care in Resource-Limited Countries: Jordanian Healthcare as an Example.Cancers · 2024Review
- Frequency of cigarette smoking and its associated factors among men in East Africa: a pooled prevalence analysis of national survey using multinomial regression.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Evolution of COVID-19 infection characteristics in a Lebanese cohort of inpatients during different pandemic periods.Pathogens and global health · 2024Observational
- A Complex Interplay: Navigating the Crossroads of Tobacco Use, Cardiovascular Disease, and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A WHF Policy Brief.Global heart · 2024Review
- Smoking Habits and Nicotine Dependence Among the General Lebanese Population Before and During Both the Economic Crisis and COVID-19 Pandemic.Tobacco use insights · 2024Article
- Unconventional Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation (SCORE) in the Lebanese Rural Population: The Forgotten Factors.Vascular health and risk management · 2023Article
- High prevalence of current tobacco smoking among patients with tuberculosis and people living with HIV in Jordan: A cross-sectional survey.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- Efficacy of lung cancer screening at the American University of Beirut Medical Center.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Prevalence of Cigarettes and Waterpipe Smoking among Jordanians, Refugees, and Migrants in Jordan and Its Associated Factors: A Secondary Data Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Modeling of smoking intensity by age at smoking onset among Iranian adult male using generalized additive model.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Smoking status and SARS-CoV-2 infection severity among Lebanese adults: a cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Smoking Behavior among Adolescents: The Lebanese Experience with Cigarette Smoking and Waterpipe Use.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Oral cancer knowledge and practice among medical students: A cross-sectional study during the Syrian crisis.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2022Article
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2 authors.
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Abstract
introductionThe association between education and wealth, as fundamental determinants of health, and smoking is well-established. Yet, social inequalities have received little attention in the expanding field of tobacco research in the Arab region. In this study, we examine inequalities in cigarette smoking by education and wealth in four Arab countries.
methodsUtilizing the most recently available population-level data sets (Syria 2009 PAPFAM, Jordan 2012 DHS, Palestine 2010 Family Health Survey, and Lebanon 2004 PAPFAM), we tested the association between cigarette smoking and education and wealth-controlling for age, marital status, and region of residence-for each country, and among men and women depending on data availability.
resultsCigarette smoking prevalence among Arab men is high- 51.3% in Syria, 39.7% in Palestine, and 42.1% in Lebanon; among women, prevalence is 8.4% in Syria, 10.9% in Jordan, and 24.3% Lebanon. Cigarette smoking shows the expected patterns inequalities by education among men in Syria, Palestine, and Lebanon, and among women in Jordan and Lebanon. On the other hand, wealth does not show a clear pattern in its association with cigarette smoking and, in some cases (men in Palestine and women in Syria) the behavioral risk is higher among the wealthiest.
conclusionsAvailable data from 2004-2012 show that cigarette smoking among men and women in the four Arab countries is predominant among those with limited access to education as a fundamental cause. The weak or absent negative association between wealth and cigarette smoking suggests that access to material resources does not precipitate a reduction in the consumption of tobacco.
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