ArticleEconomics of education review2017
The Effect of Vietnam-Era Conscription and Genetic Potential for Educational Attainment on Schooling Outcomes.
Article in Economics of education review, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals.Nature genetics · 2018Pooled it
- The Economics and Econometrics of Gene-Environment Interplay.The Review of economic studies · 2026Article
- An Updated Polygenic Index Repository: Expanded Phenotypes, New Cohorts, and Improved Causal Inference.Research square · 2025Article
- An Updated Polygenic Index Repository: Expanded Phenotypes, New Cohorts, and Improved Causal Inference.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- PIGEON: a statistical framework for estimating gene-environment interaction for polygenic traits.Nature human behaviour · 2025Article
- Interaction of family SES with children's genetic propensity for cognitive and noncognitive skills: No evidence of the Scarr-Rowe hypothesis for educational outcomes.Research in social stratification and mobility · 2024Article
- Schooling substantially improves intelligence, but neither lessens nor widens the impacts of socioeconomics and genetics.NPJ science of learning · 2022Article
- Article
- The Interplay between Maternal Smoking and Genes in Offspring Birth Weight.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2020Article
- Separating Measured Genetic and Environmental Effects: Evidence Linking Parental Genotype and Adopted Child Outcomes.Behavior genetics · 2020Article
- Genes, Education, and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study.Journal of the European Economic Association · 2020Article
- Educational attainment and allostatic load in later life: Evidence using genetic markers.Preventive medicine · 2019Article
- Environmental bottlenecks in children's genetic potential for adult socio-economic attainments: Evidence from a health shock.Population studies · 2019Article
- Education can reduce health differences related to genetic risk of obesity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2018Article
- Statistical methods for gene-environment interaction analysis.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Computational statisticsArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This study examines whether draft lottery estimates of the causal effects of Vietnam-era military service on schooling vary by an individual's genetic propensity toward educational attainment. To capture the complex genetic architecture that underlies the bio-developmental pathways, behavioral traits and evoked environments associated with educational attainment, we construct polygenic scores (PGS) for respondents in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) that aggregate thousands of individual loci across the human genome and weight them by effect sizes derived from a recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) of years of education. Our findings suggest veterans with below average PGSs for educational attainment may have completed fewer years of schooling than comparable non-veterans. On the other hand, we do not find any difference in the educational attainment of veterans and non-veterans with above average PGSs. Results indicate that public policies and exogenous environments may induce heterogeneous treatment effects by genetic disposition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.