ArticleBehavior research methods2018
Multivariate normal maximum likelihood with both ordinal and continuous variables, and data missing at random.
Article in Behavior research methods, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Age at Onset and Liability to Disorder: Estimating Covariances in Censored Populations.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Show Me Some ID: A Universal Identification Program for Structural Equation Models.Psychometrika · 2025Article
- A Note on the Connection Between Trek Rules and Separable Nonlinear Least Squares in Linear Structural Equation Models.Psychometrika · 2023Article
- Two-stage path analysis with definition variables: An alternative framework to account for measurement error.Psychological methods · 2022Article
- Childhood ADHD and Executive Functioning: Unique Predictions of Early Adolescent Depression.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2022Article
- Best Practices for Binary and Ordinal Data Analyses.Behavior genetics · 2021Article
- GW-SEM 2.0: Efficient, Flexible, and Accessible Multivariate GWAS.Behavior genetics · 2021Article
- The COVID-19 Student Stress Questionnaire: Validation in Spanish university students from health sciences.Health psychology openArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
A novel method for the maximum likelihood estimation of structural equation models (SEM) with both ordinal and continuous indicators is introduced using a flexible multivariate probit model for the ordinal indicators. A full information approach ensures unbiased estimates for data missing at random. Exceeding the capability of prior methods, up to 13 ordinal variables can be included before integration time increases beyond 1 s per row. The method relies on the axiom of conditional probability to split apart the distribution of continuous and ordinal variables. Due to the symmetry of the axiom, two similar methods are available. A simulation study provides evidence that the two similar approaches offer equal accuracy. A further simulation is used to develop a heuristic to automatically select the most computationally efficient approach. Joint ordinal continuous SEM is implemented in OpenMx, free and open-source software.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.