ArticleMicrobial cell factories2018
Expression of cocoa genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae improves cocoa butter production.
Article in Microbial cell factories, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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18 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sustainable industrial crop-based strategies for cocoa butter substitutes: advances in plant, microbial, and lipid engineering.Food chemistry: X · 2026Review
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- Advances in synthesizing plant-derived isoflavones and their precursors with multiple pharmacological activities using engineered yeasts.Microbial cell factories · 2025Review
- Computational biology predicts metabolic engineering targets for increased production of 103 valuable chemicals in yeast.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Advancing Insights into Probiotics during Vegetable Fermentation.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Review
- Altering the fatty acid profile of Yarrowia lipolytica to mimic cocoa butter by genetic engineering of desaturases.Microbial cell factories · 2022Article
- Yeast Synthetic Biology for the Production ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Editorial: Engineering Yeast to Produce Plant Natural Products.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2021Article
- Omics Technologies to Enhance Plant Based Functional Foods: An Overview.Frontiers in genetics · 2021Review
- Developments in Fatty Acid-Derived Insect Pheromone Production Using Engineered Yeasts.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Review
- Metabolic Engineering for Glycyrrhetinic Acid Production inFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Review
- Advances in Metabolic Engineering ofFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Review
- Identification of genes involved in shea butter biosynthesis from Vitellaria paradoxa fruits through transcriptomics and functional heterologous expression.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2019Article
- Review
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Approaches to Engineer Fungi for Fine Chemical Production.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2018Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
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Abstract
backgroundCocoa butter (CB) extracted from cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao) is the main raw material for chocolate production, but CB supply is insufficient due to the increased chocolate demand and limited CB production. CB is mainly composed of three different kinds of triacylglycerols (TAGs), 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol (POP, C16:0-C18:1-C16:0), 1-palmitoyl-3-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol (POS, C16:0-C18:1-C18:0) and 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol (SOS, C18:0-C18:1-C18:0). In general, Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces TAGs as storage lipids, which consist of C16 and C18 fatty acids. However, cocoa butter-like lipids (CBL, which are composed of POP, POS and SOS) are not among the major TAG forms in yeast. TAG biosynthesis is mainly catalyzed by three enzymes: glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), lysophospholipid acyltransferase (LPAT) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), and it is essential to modulate the yeast TAG biosynthetic pathway for higher CBL production.
resultsWe cloned seven GPAT genes and three LPAT genes from cocoa cDNA, in order to screen for CBL biosynthetic gene candidates. By expressing these cloned cocoa genes and two synthesized cocoa DGAT genes in S. cerevisiae, we successfully increased total fatty acid production, TAG production and CBL production in some of the strains. In the best producer, the potential CBL content was eightfold higher than the control strain, suggesting the cocoa genes expressed in this strain were functional and might be responsible for CBL biosynthesis. Moreover, the potential CBL content increased 134-fold over the control Y29-TcD1 (IMX581 sct1Δ ale1Δ lro1Δ dga1Δ with TcDGAT1 expression) in strain Y29-441 (IMX581 sct1Δ ale1Δ lro1Δ dga1Δ with TcGPAT4, TcLPAT4 and TcDGAT1 expression) further suggesting cocoa GPAT and LPAT genes functioned in yeast.
conclusionsWe demonstrated that cocoa TAG biosynthetic genes functioned in S. cerevisiae and identified cocoa genes that may be involved in CBL production. Moreover, we found that expression of some cocoa CBL biosynthetic genes improved potential CBL production in S. cerevisiae, showing that metabolic engineering of yeast for cocoa butter production can be realized by manipulating the key enzymes GPAT, LPAT and DGAT in the TAG biosynthetic pathway.
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