ArticleJournal of Crohn's & colitis2018
Smoking is Associated with an Increased Risk of Microscopic Colitis: Results From Two Large Prospective Cohort Studies of US Women.
Article in Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk Factors for Microscopic Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Microscopic Colitis: An Underestimated Disease of Growing Importance.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- The Metabolomic Profile of Microscopic Colitis Is Affected by Smoking but Not Histopathological Diagnosis, Clinical Course, Symptoms, or Treatment.Metabolites · 2024Article
- Microscopic colitis found together with celiac disease in a female population is associated with one episode of lymphocytic colitis.BMC gastroenterology · 2024Article
- A Literature Review of Microscopic Colitis.Cureus · 2024Review
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug exposure and the risk of microscopic colitis.BMC gastroenterology · 2022Article
- Diagnosis and Management of Microscopic Colitis in Pediatric Patients.Paediatric drugs · 2022Review
- Obesity is associated with decreased risk of microscopic colitis in women.World journal of gastroenterology · 2022Article
- Microscopic colitis in older adults: impact, diagnosis, and management.Therapeutic advances in chronic disease · 2022Review
- Microscopic colitis: controversies in clinical symptoms and autoimmune comorbidities.Annals of medicine · 2021Article
- Nature's marvels endowed in gaseous molecules I: Carbon monoxide and its physiological and therapeutic roles.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2021Review
- European guidelines on microscopic colitis: United European Gastroenterology and European Microscopic Colitis Group statements and recommendations.United European gastroenterology journal · 2021Article
- Patients With Microscopic Colitis Have Altered Levels of Inhibitory and Stimulatory Biomarkers in Colon Biopsies and Sera Compared to Non-inflamed Controls.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Article
- Irritable bowel syndrome-like symptoms in treated microscopic colitis patients compared with controls: a cross-sectional study.Gastroenterology report · 2020Article
- Collagenous Colitis Is Associated With HLA Signature and Shares Genetic Risks With Other Immune-Mediated Diseases.Gastroenterology · 2020Article
- Obesity and Weight Gain Since Early Adulthood Are Associated With a Lower Risk of Microscopic Colitis.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2019Article
- Dietary Gluten Intake and Risk of Microscopic Colitis Among US Women without Celiac Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study.The American journal of gastroenterology · 2019Article
- Identification of Menopausal and Reproductive Risk Factors for Microscopic Colitis-Results From the Nurses' Health Study.Gastroenterology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLong-term data on the influence of smoking on risk of microscopic colitis are limited. We therefore sought to examine and characterize the association between smoking and risk of incident microscopic colitis in two large prospective cohorts of women.
methodsWe conducted a prospective study of 231015 women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study [NHS] and NHSII. Information regarding smoking, other lifestyle factors and medications were collected biennially from 1976 to 2012 in NHS and from 1989 to 2013 in NHSII. Incident cases of microscopic colitis were confirmed through physician medical record review. We used Cox proportional hazards modelling to examine the association between smoking and risk of microscopic colitis.
resultsWe documented 166 incident cases of microscopic colitis over 6122779 person-years of follow up. Compared to non-smokers, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for microscopic colitis was 2.52 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59-4.00) amongst current smokers and 1.54 [95% CI 1.09-2.17] amongst past smokers. The risk increased with higher pack-years of smoking [p trend = 0.001] and diminished following smoking cessation [p trend = 0.017]. Current smoking appeared to be more strongly associated with risk of collagenous colitis [HR 3.68; 95% CI 1.94-6.97] than lymphocytic colitis [HR 1.71; 95% CI 0.83-3.53].
conclusionIn two large prospective cohort studies, we observed an association between current smoking and risk of microscopic colitis. Risk of microscopic colitis appeared to increase with higher pack-years and diminish following smoking cessation. Future studies focused on characterizing the biological mechanisms underlying these associations are warranted.
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