ArticleJournal of the American Geriatrics Society2018
Mortality Risk Along the Frailty Spectrum: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2004.
Article in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Association of frailty and mortality risk in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 59 international prospective cohort studies.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Association of frailty and pre-frailty with cardiovascular mortality: a meta-analysis of 26 cohort studies.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, trajectories, and clinical outcomes for frailty in COPD.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Frailty and risks of all-cause and cause-specific death in community-dwelling adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Association between frailty and ischemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Frailty as a mortality predictor in older adults with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.Geriatric nursing (New York, N.Y.)Pooled it
- Individualized Hospital to Home, Exercise-Nutrition Self-Managed Intervention for Pre-Frail and Frail Hospitalized Older Adults: The INDEPENDENCE Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.Clinical interventions in aging · 2023Trial
- Gait Speed and Evolution of Verbal Fluencies in Frail or Prefrail Older People with Type 2 Diabetes. A Pilot Study.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2021Trial
- TyG Index and Frailty as Composite Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Risk and Mortality Across CKM Stages 0-3.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Frailty, socioeconomic factors, and nutritional biomarkers in patients with nondialysis chronic kidney disease: A cross-sectional analysis.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Article
- A Preliminary Usability Evaluation of an Artificial Intelligence-Based, Motion-Detecting Wearable Device: The Geriatric Functional Assessment System.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025Article
- The Relationship Between a Mediterranean Diet and Frailty in Older Adults: NHANES 2007-2017.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Frailty index is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in Eastern Europe: a multicentre cohort study.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2024Article
- High cotinine levels as an associated factor with frailty status in older adults: evidence from the NHANES study.BMC geriatrics · 2024Article
- Article
- The Association of Frailty and Neighborhood Disadvantage with Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations in Older Adults.Journal of general internal medicine · 2024Observational
- Higher baseline resting metabolic rate is associated with 1-year frailty decline among older adults residing in an urban area.BMC geriatrics · 2023Article
- Anemia and frailty in the aging population: implications of dietary fiber intake (findings of the US NHANES from 2007-2018).BMC geriatrics · 2023Article
- An AMP Kinase-pathway dependent integrated stress response regulates ageing and longevity.Biogerontology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo determine the relationship between frailty and overall and cardiovascular mortality.
designLongitudinal mortality analysis.
settingNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004.
participantsCommunity-dwelling older adults aged 60 and older (N = 4,984; mean age 71.1 ± 0.19, 56% female). MEASUREMENTS: We used data from 1999-2004 cross-sectional NHANES and mortality data from the National Death Index, updated through December 2011. An adapted version of Fried's frailty criteria was used (low body mass index, slow walking speed, weakness, exhaustion, low physical activity). Frailty was defined as persons meeting 3 or more criteria, prefrailty as meeting 1 or 2 criteria, and robust (reference) as not meeting any criteria. The primary outcome was to evaluate the association between frailty and overall and cardiovascular mortality. Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the association between risk of death and frailty category adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking, education, coronary artery disease, heart failure, nonskin cancer, diabetes, and arthritis.
resultsHalf (50.4%) of participants were classified as robust, 40.3% as prefrail, and 9.2% as frail. Fully adjusted models demonstrated that prefrail (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.45-1.85) and frail (HR = 2.79, 95% CI = 2.35-3.30) participants had a greater risk of death and of cardiovascular death (prefrail: HR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.45-2.34; frail: HR = 3.39, 95% CI = 2.45-4.70).
conclusionFrailty and prefrailty are associated with increased risk of death. Demonstrating the association between prefrail status and mortality is the first step to identifying potential targets of intervention in future studies.
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