ReviewForensic toxicology2018
Fentanyls continue to replace heroin in the drug arena: the cases of ocfentanil and carfentanil.
Review in Forensic toxicology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fighting Fire with Fire: Development of Intranasal Nalmefene to Treat Synthetic Opioid Overdose.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2019Trial
- Antinociceptive Effect and Hyperalgesia of Fentanyl and Its Analogues.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Cardiorespiratory failure and sudden death induced by carfentanil exposure: Involvement of central mu1 opioid receptors.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2025Article
- From Veterinary Medicine to Illicit Drug Supply: Utilising Social Media to Explore the Rising Emergence of Veterinary Medicines in Human Health.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Isobutyryl-carfentanyl has strong acute toxicity and analgesic effects with high addiction potential.Psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Sudden Death Induced by Acute Inhalation of Aerosolized Carfentanil.Archives of clinical and biomedical research · 2025Article
- The risk of developing more potent fentanyl analogs: a mini review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Socioeconomic and psychosocial determinants of substance misuse - a national perspective.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2024Review
- Ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescencent multivalent aptamer sensor based on energy and electron transfer dual quenching tactics.Mikrochimica acta · 2024Article
- 75 years of forensic profiling: A critical review.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Fentanyl and Sudden Death-A Postmortem Perspective for Diagnosing and Predicting Risk.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Review
- Pharmacokinetic Properties of an FDA-approved Intranasal Nalmefene Formulation for the Treatment of Opioid Overdose.Clinical pharmacology in drug development · 2024Article
- Structure-Kinetics Relationships of Opioids from Metadynamics and Machine Learning Analysis.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2023Article
- Structure-Kinetics Relationships of Opioids from Metadynamics and Machine Learning.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Sensorimotor Alterations Induced by Novel Fentanyl Analogs in Mice: Possible Impact on Human Driving Performances.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Article
- Development of a neural network model to predict the presence of fentanyl in community drug samples.PloS one · 2023Article
- Article
- Safety and Efficacy of Sufentanil and Fentanyl Analgesia in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Retrospective Study.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2022Article
- Measuring treatment attrition at various stages of engagement in Opioid Agonist Treatment in Ontario Canada using a cascade of care framework.BMC health services research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeOcfentanil and carfentanil are two potent synthetic opioids that are analogues of fentanyl and are actively involved in the recent fentanyl crisis. The aim of this review is to provide all the available information on these two fentanyl analogues.
methodsAll reviewed information was gathered through a detailed search of PubMed and the World Wide Web using relevant keywords.
resultsLike most of the members of the family of fentanyls, they are either sold as heroin to unsuspecting users or used extensively to lace heroin street samples. Despite the fact that ocfentanil was studied clinically in the early 1990s, it did not manage to find its place in clinical practice. On the other hand, carfentanil is mainly used today as an anesthetic agent in large animals. Ocfentanil and carfentanil are used and abused extensively, mainly in Europe and in the United States. As a result, they are the cause of some verified intoxication cases and deaths worldwide. This review provides information concerning chemistry, synthesis, prevalence, pharmacology, and toxicology, as well as the current legal status of these two fentanyl analogues. Analytical methods developed for the determination of ocfentanil and carfentanil in biological specimens and seized materials, as well as related intoxication and lethal cases are also presented.
conclusionsOcfentanil and carfentanil are undeniably very dangerous opioid drugs and a very serious matter of concern for public safety. The authorities should take the appropriate actions to avoid the expansion of this threat by taking proper and prompt measures.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.